Key Concepts in Aztec, Inca, and Colonial Latin American History
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82 Terms
What was the capital of the Viceroyalty of New Granada?
Bogotá.
Who were the creoles?
Spaniards born in the Americas.
What is a mestizo?
A person of mixed Spanish and Indigenous ancestry.
Who was JosĂ© de San MartĂn?
A leader of independence in southern South America.
What is republicanism?
A government based on elected representatives.
What is a caudillo?
A military strongman who dominates politics.
What is liberalism in the 19th century?
Free trade, limited church power, and federalism.
What is conservatism in the 19th century?
A strong central government and church authority.
What is federalism?
Power divided between national and regional governments.
What is military intervention?
Army involvement in politics.
What is an oligarchy?
Rule by a small wealthy elite.
What is positivism?
A philosophy emphasizing order and scientific progress.
What is the motto of Brazil reflecting positivist ideology?
Order and Progress.
What is a banana republic?
A country heavily influenced by foreign fruit companies.
What is debt peonage?
A labor system where workers are trapped in debt.
What was the Porfirio DĂaz period?
The period of rule under Porfirio DĂaz in Mexico.
What were the rurales?
Rural police enforcing DĂaz's rule.
What is land concentration?
Large estates owned by a few elites.
What was the Sáenz Peña Law?
An Argentine law establishing secret ballot.
What is electoral reform?
Changes to make elections fairer.
What is an export oligarchy?
An elite group controlling politics through export wealth.
Why did the Spanish conquerors succeed so quickly in defeating the Aztec and Inca empires?
The Spanish had superior weapons and spread diseases to the natives.
How did the Spanish and Portuguese organize their colonial governments in the Americas?
They set up viceroys to control the colonies across the ocean.
How did the Enlightenment and other Atlantic revolutions influence Latin American independence movements?
They provided ideas of liberty and sovereignty, motivating people to seek change.
What role did social divisions play in the independence struggles?
There was a lack of unity due to fear of another Haiti.
Why did independence not produce political stability?
New nations lacked strong centralized governments, leading to military dominance and religious rivalries.
Why did political instability characterize Latin America after independence?
New nations struggled to maintain a single form of government due to weakness.
How did economic conditions shape early republican politics?
Most republics were economically weak and relied on Britain for trade.
How did export-led economic growth affect Latin American societies?
Enriched elites while repressing the poor, with better refrigeration technology allowing for meat exports.
How did oligarchies maintain political power?
By controlling elections through fear and maintaining alliances with foreign nations.
What tensions did modernization create in rural areas?
Land loss for indigenous people and rural displacement.
How did Porfirio DĂaz maintain control in Mexico?
Through political repression and a strong centralized government.
Why did the oligarchic system in Argentina eventually face reform?
The growing middle class demanded fair representation.
How did foreign economic influence affect political development?
Governments prioritized exports.
What were the major political weaknesses of oligarchic governments?
Limited democracy, social inequality, and overreliance on exports.
What was the tribute system?
Conquered peoples paid goods or labor.
What was the mita system?
An Inca labor tax system later adapted by the Spanish.
Who were the conquistadors?
Spanish conquerors.
Who was Hernán Cortés?
The conqueror of the Aztecs.
Who was Francisco Pizarro?
The conqueror of the Incas.
What is a viceroyalty?
A large administrative district ruled by a viceroy.
What was the capital of the Viceroyalty of New Spain?
Mexico City.
What was the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru?
Lima.
What was the capital of the Viceroyalty of RĂo de la Plata?
Buenos Aires.
What is mercantilism?
An economic system where colonies serve the mother country.
Who were the peninsulares?
Spaniards born in Spain.
What is a mulatto?
A person of mixed European and African ancestry.
What is the caste system?
A racial hierarchy in colonial society.
What is a hacienda?
A large landed estate.
What is a plantation economy?
A large-scale agricultural export system.
What was the role of the Catholic Church in the colonies?
A powerful religious and social institution.
What is creole nationalism?
The desire of American-born elites for political power.
Who was SimĂłn BolĂvar?
A leader of independence in northern South America.
What is sovereignty?
The authority of a state to govern itself.
What is centralism?
A strong national government.
What is political instability?
Frequent leadership changes and revolts.
What is export-led growth?
An economy based on exporting raw materials.
What was the United Fruit Company?
A U.S. corporation dominating Central American economies.
What was the rubber boom?
An Amazon economic boom based on rubber exports.
Who was Porfirio DĂaz?
The Mexican dictator from 1876 to 1911.
What was the Radical Civic Union?
An Argentine political party pushing for reform.
What is authoritarianism?
Strong centralized rule limiting political freedoms.
What is managed democracy?
Elections exist but are manipulated.
What were the most important differences between the Aztecs and the Incas?
The Incas focused more on trade and building infrastructure while the Aztecs were mainly focused on conquering.
What role did religion play in pre-Columbian societies and in the Spanish conquest?
The Spanish justified their conquest as spreading Christianity.
How did Spanish colonial rule transform indigenous societies?
Indigenous people converted to Christianity, were forced into labor, and created racial hierarchies.
What were the main features of the colonial economy?
Haciendas, plantation agriculture, sugar production, and mining in Mexico.
How did race and social hierarchy function in colonial Latin America?
A caste system was established, treating mestizos and creoles worse than peninsulares.
In what ways did the Catholic Church shape colonial society?
The Church controlled education, land, and taxed people.
What were the main causes of the wars of independence in Latin America?
Spain was weakened after the Napoleonic Wars, and there were influences from the French and US revolutions, economic resistance, and Enlightenment ideals.
What were the differences between liberals and conservatives?
Liberals wanted free trade and separation of church and state, while conservatives wanted a strong central government and church authority.
What role did the military play in early national governments?
Militaries were powerful and threatened to overtake weak governments if not paid.
What is meant by 'neocolonialism'?
Political independence being determined by a foreign country.
How did foreign investment shape domestic politics?
Governments shaped laws to protect the interests of foreign businesses.
Why did Mexico experience revolution while Argentina pursued reform?
Mexico had harsher repression and land inequalities, while Argentina allowed for electoral reform.
What was the Aztec Empire?
A militaristic empire centered at Tenochtitlán, ruled through tribute.
What was the Inca Empire?
A highly centralized Andean empire with road systems and labor taxation.
What was the encomienda system?
A Spanish system granting colonists the right to indigenous labor.
What disease devastated indigenous populations?
Smallpox.
Who was Montezuma II?
The Aztec ruler during the Spanish conquest.
Who was Atahualpa?
The Inca ruler captured by Pizarro.
