Chapter: 1 introduction to Psychology

Introduction to Psychology

What is psychology?

The scientific study of mind and behavior.

What does 'psych' mean?

Soul.

What does the suffix '-logy' denote?

The scientific study of.

Which psychologist is associated with Structuralism?

Wilhelm Wundt.

What is introspection?

Process of examining one's own conscious experience to break it into parts.

What is Structuralism?

Understanding conscious experience through introspection.

Which psychologist is associated with Functionalism?

William James.

What is Functionalism?

Focus on how mental activities help an organism adapt to its environment and survive.

Who founded Psychoanalytic Theory?

Sigmund Freud.

What does Psychoanalytic Theory emphasize?

The role of the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences.

Freud used which method to access the unconscious mind?

Dream analysis.

What is Gestalt Psychology?

Emphasizes the whole rather than parts in perception.

Who are the key Gestalt psychologists?

Kohler, Koffka, Wertheimer.

What is Behaviorism?

Focus on observable behavior and how it's shaped by reinforcement and punishment.

Which scientists are associated with Behaviorism?

Pavlov, Watson, Skinner.

What is Humanism?

Emphasizes innate goodness and potential; Maslow and Rogers.

Who proposed the hierarchy of needs?

Abraham Maslow.

Who developed client-centered therapy?

Carl Rogers.

What is the Cognitive Revolution?

Shift to studying mental processes; Noam Chomsky influential.

Who helped start the cognitive revolution?

Noam Chomsky.

What is Biopsychology?

Study of how the nervous system generates behavior.

What is Sensation?

Sensory information (sights, sounds, touch, smell).

What is Perception?

Experience of the world shaped by attention, prior experiences, and culture.

What is Cognitive Psychology?

Branch focusing on attention, problem solving, language, memory.

What is Developmental Psychology?

Studies aging and maturation; Piaget's theories.

What is Personality Psychology?

Focus on traits and thought patterns; Big Five.

What is the Five Factor Model?

Personality described along five dimensions.

What is Social Psychology?

Study of how people interact and relate; prejudice, attraction, obedience; Milgram.

Who conducted obedience research?

Stanley Milgram.

What is Health Psychology?

Biopsychosocial model of health and illness.

What is Clinical Psychology?

Diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders; CBT and therapy.

What is Industrial-Organizational Psychology?

Applying psychology to workplace; management and organization.

What is Sports and Exercise Psychology?

Focus on mental aspects of sports performance.

What is Forensic Psychology?

Psychology in the justice system; competency, eyewitness testimony.

Who created the first psychology laboratory?

Wilhelm Wundt.

What is the unconscious mind?

Part of the mind outside conscious awareness that influences behavior.

What is psychoanalytic therapy?

Therapy focusing on unconscious and early experiences.

What piece of equipment is associated with Freud's psychoanalytic method?

The couch.

What is cognition?

Mental processes of thinking, knowing, remembering, etc.

What is unconditional positive regard?

Unconditional acceptance in therapy as proposed by Rogers.

What is empathy in therapy?

Therapist's understanding and sharing of the client’s feelings.

What is attention in cognitive psychology?

Focusing mental resources on specific stimuli or thoughts.

What is problem solving in cognitive psychology?

Strategies to reach goals or solve problems.

What is language in cognition?

System of symbols used for communication.

What is memory in cognition?

Systems for storing information over time.

What is sensation and perception?

Sensation is sensory input; perception is interpretation of that input.

What are some Biopsychology research areas?

Sensory/motor systems, sleep, drug use, ingestive and reproductive behavior, neurodevelopment, plasticity, biological correlates of disorders.

What is neurodevelopment?

Development of the nervous system.

What is neural plasticity?

The nervous system's ability to change with experience.

What is operant conditioning?

Behavior shaped by consequences; reinforcement and punishment.

What is cognitive-behavioral therapy?

Therapy combining cognitive processes and behaviors.

What is Noam Chomsky's role in psychology?

Influential in starting the cognitive revolution.

What did Milgram's obedience study demonstrate?

How far people will go in obeying orders from an authority figure.

The Big Five Personality Traits

are a widely recognized model for understanding personality.

What are Big Five Personality Traits

Conscientiousness

Agreeablenes

Neuroticism

Openness to Experience

Extraversion

What Is Classical Conditioning?

a learning process in which an association is formed between a naturally existing and neutral stimulus. Once an association has been formed, the neutral stimulus will come to evoke the same response as the naturally occurring stimulus.