Biology Chapter 18: Endothermic Vertebrates

Endothermic Vertebrates

Animals with backbone whose body temp is set internally (warm blooded)

Aves Characteristics

1. Feathers
2. Feather Types
3. Preening
4. Molting
5. Four-chambered heart
6. Unique Skeletal Features
7. Unique Digestive Features
8. Unique Respiratory Organs
9. Well developed brain
10. Great Eye Sight

Feathers

* Shaft
* Vane
* Barbs
* Barbules

Shaft

Feathers: Main support structure (includes Rachis and Quill)

Vane

Flat area, made up of many projections

* Barbs
* Barbules

Barbs

Larger individual shaft projections

Barbules

Projections of the barbs; have hooks to hold barbs together

Feather Types

* Down
* Contour

Down Feathers

Insulates (white)

Contour Feathrs

Protection and Flight (colored)

Preening

Using oil from preen gland

Preening

* Keeps feathers flexible
* Make feathers water resistant

Molting

Shedding of old worn out feathers

Four Chambered Heart

Keeps oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood from mixing

Left

What side pumps Oxygen rich blood to body?

Right

What side pumps oxygen poor blood to lungs?

Bird Unique Skeletal Features

* Air spaces in bones
* Fused bones
* Many Neck vertebrae
* Enlarged “Keeled” Sternum and Enlarged Clavicle

Air spaces in bones

Light for flight

Fused bones

Rigid frame for light leverage

Many neck vertebrae

Very maneuverable

Enlarged Sternum and Clavicle

For flight muscle attachment

Bird Unique Digestive Features

* Bill/Beak
* Crop
* Gizzard
* Cloaca

Bills or Beak

Birds have these intead of mouths and teeth

Crop

Temporary food storage/regurgitation

Gizzard

Grinds food with stones

Cloaca

Both liquid and solid waste and reproduction organs empty products into here

Bird Unique Respiratory Organs

* Lungs
* Air Sacs
* Syrinx

Lungs

Exchange gases on inhalation and exhalation

Air Sacs

Hold about 75% of air in body

Air Sac Functions

* Keeps oxygen rich air in lungs at all time
* Makes birds light (air weighs less than liquids)
* Cools bodyS

Syrinx

THe Voice Box of Birds

Groups of Birds

* Flightless
* Bird of Prey “Hunters” (Raptors)
* Game Birds “Hunted”
* Waterfowl
* Songbirds

Flightless

Ostrich, Penguins, Kiwi

Birds of Prey

“Hunters” aka Raptors - Eagles, Vultures, and Owls

Game Birds

“Hunted” - Turkey, Quail, Chicken

Waterfowl

Ducks, Pelicans, Cranes

Songbirds

Canaries, Robins, Mockingbirds

Bird Reproduction

* Courtship
* Nest

Courtship

Includes songs, special plummage (feathers), and a “dance”

Nest

Nursery for chicks. Made of sticks, rocks, etc…

Albumen

Amniotic eggs - Egg whites, high in protein

Chick Types

* Altricial
* Precocial

Altricial

Short incubation; emerge blind, featherless and helpless

Ex. Robin and Eagle

Precocial

Longer incubation; Born alert, well edveloped and mobile

Ex. Ducks and Quail

Amount of sunlight hours in a day

Migration is triggered by what?

Abundant

Why does migration happen?

* To find more _____________ food

Conditions

Why else does migration happen?

* Better ______________ to raise their young

Class Mammalia

Includes whales, deer, bats, etc..

Class Mammalia Characteristics

1. Hair
2. Teeth
3. Four Chambered Heart
4. Diaphragm
5. Mammary Glands
6. Umbilical cord, Placenta, and Uterus
7. External Ears
8. Large Brain

Hair

1. Underhair
2. Guard Hair

Underhair

Soft, shorter; insulates

Guard Hair

Coarse, longer; colors and protects

Teeth

1. Incisors
2. Canines
3. Molars

Incisors

Flat, thin, squared; Used for gnawing or biting

Canines

Pointed, Cone shaped; used to tear

Molars

Thick, flat on top; used to grind

Four Chambered Heart

2 Atria, 2 Ventricles

2 Atria

Take blood from body, upper chambers

2 Ventricles

Pump blood to body, lower chambers

Diaphragm

Muscle used in breathing

Mammary Glands

Milk producing glands

Umbilical, Placenta, Uterus

Connects the baby and mother; Viviparous

* Nutrients and gases exchanged here

Large Brain

Very intelligent

* Largest Cerebrum

Cerebrum

Center for intelligent thought; part of the brain

Mammal Orders

1. Rodentia
2. Carnivora
3. Primata
4. Cetacea
5. Marsupialia
6. Monotremata

Order Rodentia

Ever growing incisors, Frequent reproduction

Ex. Mice, Squirrels, Beaver

Order Carnivora

Large canine teeth, clawed toes

Ex. Cats, dogs, bear, otter, seals

Order Primata

Binocular Vision, Opposable Thumbs, Erect Posture

Ex. Monkeys, Chimps, and Gorillas

Order Cetacea

Marine, paddle-like limbs, have blowholes

Ex. Whales, dolphins, porpoises

Order Marsupialia

Pouched, no placenta

Ex. Kangaroo, Opossum, Koala

Order Monotremata

Lay eggs, “Sweat” Milk

Ex. Duckbilled platypus and spiny anteater