AP Psychology Unit 10 -> Disorders & Treatments

DSM-5

A book that lists all disorders & includes criteria for diagnosing each one

Neurosis

* Emotional disturbance characterized by excessive anxiety
* Easier functioning

Psychosis

* Emotional disturbance characterized by the inability to cope in the real word
* More difficult functioning

Medical Model

A model that shows that psychological disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and cured (in most cases)

Historical belief of disordered behavior

The cause of disordered behavior is demons

Diathesis Stress Model

Disorders develop as a result of some kind of stressor operating on a person with a vulnerability for the disorder

Bio-Psycho-Social Model

Psychological disorders are a result of biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences

Characteristics of Mood Disorders

* Low energy
* Depressed mood most of the day
* Feeling worthless/hopeless
* Diminished interest or pleasure in activities
* Recurrent thoughts of death and/or suicide

Major Depressive Disorder

Intense sadness for 2+ weeks

Persistent Depressive Disorder

A less intense form of depression, but lasts for at least 2 years

Seasonal Affective Disorder

Depression that occurs during winter months

Bipolar Disorder

Alternating between low and elevated moods (mood swings)

Manic Episodes

* Hyperactive, elated state
* Lasts 5-7 days for people with Bipolar Disease

Causes of Depression

* Chemical imbalances, low levels of serotonin
* Grief, bullying
* Illogical thinking

Causes of Bipolar Disease

Low levels of serotonin & high levels of norepinephrine

Cognitive Therapy

Breaking a problem into smaller, more manageable parts

Biomedical Therapy

Use of antidepressants (Ex: Zoloft, Prozac)

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

* Brain Seizure
* ONLY USED FOR SEVERE DEPRESSION

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

Panic Disorder

Panic attracts & fearing future panic attacks

Specific Phobias

Persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

Agoraphobia

Fear of entering open or crowded places that are hard to escape from

Aversive Conditioning

Pair a habit with an unpleasant stimulus (Ex: Pairing smoking with being sick)

Systematic Desensitization

Relaxation & face fears in a anxiety hierarchy

In Vivo Desensitization

Confronting the thing you feer

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

* Occurs after a person experiences a traumatic event
* Symptoms can last at least 1 month

Obsessions

Unwanted, repetitive thoughts or urges that cause anxiety

Compulsions

Repetitive actions performed that help a person reduce anxiety caused by obsessions

Illness Anxiety Disorder

Belief that mild symptoms are serious illnesses & diseases

Conversion Disorder

Traumatic experiences can result in physical symptoms without biological cause

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Challenges illogical thinking patterns and then provides experiences to try and overcome the challenge

Rational-Emotive Therapy

Directly challenges irrational thoughts

Schizophrenia

* Psychotic disorder characterized by disordered thoughts & bizarre behavior
* Can experience hallucinations, delusions, voices in head, etc.

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Dissociative Amnesia

Difficulty remembering important information about oneself

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

* Alternating between two or more distinct personalities
* “Host” body/personality and its “alters”

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Fugue State

Sudden, unexpected travel from one’s home and being unable to recall what happened during the state

Ego-syntonic

Disorders that people don’t mind having

Ego-dystonic

Disorders that people don’t want to have

Cluster A

* Odd or Eccentric
* Schizoid Personality Disorder
* Schizotypal Personality Disorder
* Paranoid Personality Disorder

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Cluster B

* Dramatic, emotional, or erratic
* Borderline Personality Disorder \*\*
* Antisocial Personality Disorder \*\*
* Histrionic Personality Disorder
* Narcissistic Personality Disorder \*\*

Cluster C

* Person appears anxious or fearful
* Dependent Personality Disorder
* Avoidant Personality Disorder
* Obsessive – Compulsive Personality Disorder \*\*

Schizoid Personality Disorder

* Withdrawn & lack of feelings for others
* Very few marry

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

* Odd thought, speech and emotional reactions
* Impaired social functioning

Paranoid Personality Disorder

* Inappropriately suspicious & mistrustful of others
* Refuse to accept blame or criticism

Borderline Personality Disorder

* Tend to act impulsively
* Self destructive
* Unstable self-imagem mood
* __Mostly women__

Antisocial Personality Disorder

* Pattern of violent, criminal, or unethical behavior
* Inability to feel affection for others
* No remorse for actions
* __Mostly men__

Histrionic Personality Disorder

* Very dramatic
* Attention seeking
* Needs praise and reassurance

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

* Grandiose view of themselves
* Constant attention and admiration

Dependent Personality Disorder

* Inability to make decisions on their own
* Needs to be spoonfed everything
* Can’t live by themselves
* Can’t tolerate being alone

Avoidant Personality Disorder

* Fears of rejection
* Leads to isolation

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

* Obsession with being orderly
* Unreasonable perfectionism

Aptitude Test

A test that determines one’s ability in a particular skill/field of knowledge