5016 Terms to DEFINE ; Try to answer with free response as your goal

Define behavior

Anything an organism does including overt and covert behavior

Define interobserver agreement

(IOA) the degree to which two or more independent observers report the same observed values after measuring the same events.

Define Internal Validity

The extent to which an experiment shows convincingly that changes in behavior are a function of the independent variable and not the result of uncontrolled or unknown variables.

Define External Validity

The degree to which a study's findings have generality to other subject, settings, and/or behaviors.

Define Frequency/count

The number of times a bx occurs

When should you use Frequency ?

Use when bx is transitory, discrete, with duration is roughly equivalent in length

Define Rate

Number of responses per unit of time (*need to include the unit of measure)

When should you use Rate?

Use when bx is transitory, discrete, with duration roughly equivalent in length

*Can be used if observational time varies

Define Percentage of occurrences

Number of responses divided by the number of response opportunities (then multiplied by 100)

When should you use Percentage of occurrences?

Use when bx is transitory (comes & goes), Discrete (has clear beginning & end), with durations roughly equivalent in length.*Can be used when the behavior is restricted

Define Trials to Criterion

A measure of the number of response opportunities needed to achieve a predetermined level of performance.

Define Duration

amount of time from the onset to the end point of a response.

When should you use Duration?

transitory (bx comes & goes), discrete (bx has clear beginning & end), and time the person engages in the behavior is important.

Define Latency

elapsed time b/w the onset of a stimulus and the initiation of a subsequent response.

When should you use Latency ?

bx is transitory (comes & goes), discrete(has clear beginning & end), and the time it takes to respond to the stimulus is important

Define Interresponse time (IRT)

The amount of time that elapses b/w two consecutive instances of a response/bx

When should you use Interresponse time (IRT)?

Bx is transitory (comes & goes), discrete(has clear beginning & end), and when interested in the time between responses

Define Permanent product

A recording method in which durable methods of behaviors are assessed.

Examples:

§ Math problems completed

Windows washed

Define observer bias

data recordings influenced by observers' expectation of change in a particular direction.

Define reactivity

The way the assessment procedures themselves influence the client's behavior.

Define observer's drift

Any unintended change in the way an observer uses a measurement system over the course of an investigation that results in the observer's interpretation of the original definition of the target behavior after being trained.

Define Visual inspection

Reaching a judgement about the reliability or consistency of intervention effects by visually examining the graphed data.

Define type 1 error

Intervention produced an effect when there was not an effect

*False Positive (+)

Define type 2 error

The intervention did not produce an effect when it did produce effect

*False negative (-)

Define variability

Degree of fluctuation in a data set around the mean. (How up & down it goes)

Define Level

The mean (average) value of a set of data.

Define trend

The overall direction taken by a data path.

● Increasing, Decreasing, or Zero trend

Define Component Analysis

○ any experiment designed to identify the active elements of a treatment condition, the relative contributions of different variables in a treatment package, and/or the necessary and sufficient components of an intervention/for behavior change

Define parametric analysis

○ an experiment design to discover the differential effects of a range of values of the independent variable.

i. The independent variable needs to have a set of values

Define Negative reinforcement

(1) The occurrence of behavior

(2) is followed by the removal of a stimulus (reinforcer)

(3) and as a result, the behavior is more likely to occur in the future (strengthens the behavior) under similar circumstances

Define Positive reinforcement

(1) The occurrence of behavior

(2) is followed by the addition of a stimulus (reinforcer)

(3) and as a result, the behavior is more likely to occur in the future (strengthens the behavior) under similar circumstances

Define preference

When several schedules of reinforcement are available concurrently, one alternative may be chosen more frequently than others

Describe a free operant preference assessment (CONTRIVED)

i. Present a variety of potentially reinforcing stimuli in view and within reach

ii. Collect data on individual's interaction with or consumption of stimuli

iii. Stimuli are not removed

Describe a free operant preference assessment (UNCONTRIVED/NATURALISTIC)

i. Observe the individual in a natural environment

ii. Collect data on individual's interaction with or consumption of stimuli

iii. Stimuli are not removed

Describe the procedures of a single stimulus (APPROACH METHOD)

i. randomly present only one item at a time

ii. present each stimulus 10 times

iii. client approaches item→ 30-s access

iv. score approach or non-approach

Describe the procedures of a single stimulus (DURATION METHOD)

i. randomly present only one item at a time

ii. allow access for 2 min

iii. record duration of engagement

Describe the procedures of a Paired stimulus preference assessment (PSPA)

i. before: Sample each item for 30 s

ii. present two items at a time

iii. each stimulus is presented at least once with every other stimulus

1. if client takes an item→ allow access for 30 s

2. if client approaches both→ access is blocked and represent trial

if client does not approach→ represent the trial

Describe the procedures of a Multiple stimulus preference WITH REPLACEMENT (MSW)

i. before: sample each item for 30 s

ii. present array of items together and prompt client to pick one item

1. if client takes an item→ allow access for 30 s

2. if client approaches more than one→ access is blocked and represent trial

3. if client does not approach→ represent the trial

*replace the item chosen after each trial

Describe the procedures of a Multiple stimulus preference WITHOUT REPLACEMENT (MSWO)

i. before: sample each item for 30 s

ii. present array of items together and prompt client to pick one item

1. if client takes an item→ allow access for 30 s

2. if client approaches more than one→ access is blocked and represent trial

3. if client does not approach→ represent the trial

*do not replace the item chosen after each trial

Describe the procedures for a progressive-ratio reinforcer assessment

-Have an array of potential reinforcers

-Identify a target behavior that does not involve another person

-In each session, evaluate one of the potential reinforcers by delivering the potential reinforcer on a progressive ratio schedule

-Sessions at 10 min or until the participant says they want to stop or they stop responding for 30 s.

Define Premack Principle

A higher frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for a lower frequency behavior.

Define contingency contract/behavioral contract

A written document that specifies a particular target behavior for a client and the consequences that will be contingent on the occurrence or nonoccurrence of the behavior

Define self-management

a procedure in which individuals change aspect of their own behavior. One or more of the following components are generally involved:

1. Self-selection of goals

2. Monitoring one's own behavior (e.g., if their high functioning, let's say the engage in repetition of questions, you have a token board and once they run out of the 3 tokens, they can't not ask that question anymore/or in general ask any more questions)

3. Self-selection of procedures

4. Implementation of procedures, including reinforcing one's own behavior

5. Self-evaluating including monitoring and determining the effectiveness of the procedures

Define extinction

1. A behavior that has been previously reinforced.

2. No longer results in the reinforcing consequences.

3. And, therefore, the behavior decreases in the future.

Define shaping

Shaping consists of teaching new behavior by differentially reinforcing successive approximations toward the behavioral objective.

Define token economy

A set of contingencies involving the use of conditioned reinforcers (tokens), which are later exchanged for other reinforcers (backup).

Define token-production schedule

when tokens will be delivered contingent on behavior

Define token-exchange schedule

cost in tokens of the various goods or services available for exchange

Define exchange-production schedule

when the tokens can be exchanged

Define SDP

A stimulus in the presence of which a target response will be punished and in the absence of which the same response will not be punished .

Define SD

A stimulus that is present when the behavior is reinforced and is absent when the behavior is not reinforced.

Define SΔ

A stimulus that is present when the behavior is not reinforced and is absent when the behavior is reinforced.

Define stimulus control

when a behavior is more likely to occur because specific antecedent stimuli are present. ("behavior is under stimulus control")

Define stimulus discrimination training

The conventional procedures requires one behavior and two antecedent stimulus conditions. Responses are reinforced in the presence of one stimulus condition, the SD, but not in the presence of the other stimulus, the S-delta.

Define differential reinforcement

(1) reinforcing the desired response in the presence of some stimuli, and (2) not reinforcing it (i.e., extinguishing and/or punishing it) in the presence of others.

Define motivating operation

Events that (a) alter the value of a reinforcer (value-altering effect) and (b) they make the behavior that produces that reinforcer more or less likely to occur at that time (behavior-altering effect)

What is the value-altering effect?

refers to how a motivating operation changes the effectiveness of a reinforcer. (in EO it increases the value, in AO it decreases the value)

What is the behavior-altering effects?

makes the behavior that produces that reinforcer more or less likely to occur at that time

Define behavior chain

A complex behavior consisting of many component behaviors that occur together in a sequence; each response produces a stimulus change that functions as conditioned reinforcement for the response and as a discriminative stimulus for the next response in the chain (two functions)

Define task analysis

Breaking down a complex skill, job or behavioral chain into its component behaviors.

Define Forward chaining

instructions begins with the first link; subsequent links are added from the beginning (front) to the end (back) of the chain.

Define Backward chaining

Instructions begin with the last link; subsequent links are added from the back to the front of the chain.

Define Whole-task Method or Concurrent total

the learner receives training on each step in the task analysis during each session.

Define response prompts

Prompts that directly act on the response and include behavior from the therapist.

Define stimulus prompts

Prompts that directly act on the stimuli that cue the response

Define Within-stimulus prompts

A modification of the stimulus itself to make it more salient or easier to discriminate

Define Extra-stimulus prompts

An added external stimulus that aids in discrimination without altering the original stimulus itself

Define prompt fading

Gradually removing the response prompt while the response occurs in the presence of the SD.

Define stimulus fading

Gradually removing the stimulus prompt while the response occurs in the presence of the SD.

What is the difference between the environment and a stimulus?

The environment is the context in which an individual behaves and is made up of multiple stimuli; meanwhile, a stimulus is a specific event or combination of events (stimuli) that in some way affect(s) behavior.

According to behavioral research, to what extent do extrinsic reinforcers affect intrinsic motivation?

When appropriate reinforcers are provided contingent on either low- or high-interest task, they generally produce positive effects on free choice and motivation

"We always want to be ________________ when measuring behavior; that is, we want to avoid claiming that an intervention was more or less successful than it actually was (accepting a false or rejecting a true conclusion)"

Conservative

What is fluency?

engaging in the behavior at a high, steady pace

What is the purpose of a differential observing response?

To gain the client's attention and to teach him or her to discriminate the defining characteristics, or critical features, of each sample stimulus prior to the match-to-sample task

Define free operant

A response class unlimited by constraints or prompts from others, so that it may be freely and repeatedly emitted.