Psych Brain&Behavior (copy)

Trepanning (trephination)

a surgical intervention in which a hole is drilled or scraped into the human skull (6500 b.c.)

Hippocrates's view of brain

Believed that the brain is the seat of intelligence (460bc-370bc). Key for sensation and perception, disrupted in epilepsy. First person to propose these theories

Rene Descartes

A firm believer that the mind and body exist as separate entities. Dualism

Dualism

The mind and body are two distinct substances and the brain is seen as the tool or medium

Descartes’ Reflex Arc

Proposed one of the earliest models of how the body responds automatically to stimuli without input from the brain

Franz Joseph Gall

(1758–1828) was a German doctor who started phrenology

Phrenology

The study of the conformation (build) of the skull as indicative of mental faculties and traits of character. A pseudoscience.

John Marthyn Harlow

(1819 -1907) American physican attended the surgery for phineas gage

Phineas Gage

a railroad worker whose frontal lobe was penetrated by an iron rod, survived, but he experienced severe personality changes, became very impatient, impulsive, easily disrupted

Pierre Paul Broca

(1824-1880) Physician, did postmortem brain studies of patients his area becomes known to be critical for producing speech, critical in the development of lateralization.

Carl Wernicke

(1849-1905) Physician, did postmortem brain studies of patients his area becomes known to be critical for language comprehension, critical in the development of lateralization.

Lateralization

The specialization of the two brain hemispheres for different functions.

Neuroscience

is the scientific study of the nervous system (the brain, spinal cord,
and peripheral nervous system), its functions and disorders

Neuroscientists

study the function of the nervous system in focus of Molecular level, Cellular level, Functional level, Behavioral level, Evolutionary perspective, Computational, Clinical perspective, Highly interdisciplinary field!

Brain

Controls memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, breathing,
temperature, hunger and every process that regulates our body

Spinal cord

A collection of brain cells running from the base of the brain down the
center of the back

Spinal reflex

Automatic movement without brain input

Anatomical orientation

give clarity and precision when describing locations, pathways, and
relationships. Rostral, Caudal, Dorsal, Ventral, Lateral, Medial.

Neuraxis (neuraxis)

Denotes the direction in which the central nervous system lies, in humans it bends at the brainstem

Spatial Orientation

Refers to the 3D positioning of the brain in space, especially when describing planes and axes.

The frontal or coronal plane

a vertical plane in a medial to lateral direction. Dividing the brain into front and back pieces

The sagittal plane

a plane through the midline of the brain. Dividing the brain into right and left regions

The horizontal plane

plane falls along the horizon. Dividing the brain into top and bottom regions

Dorsal

( from Latin dorsum 'back’): refers to the back Anatomical orientation

Ventral

(from Latin venter 'belly’): refers
to the front, or lower side, of an organism Anatomical orientation

Rostral

(from the Latin rostrum, meaning
"beak"): refer to the beak/nose Anatomical orientation

Caudal

(from the Latin cauda, meaning "tail"): refer to the back Anatomical orientation

Lateral

away from the midline Anatomical orientation

Medial

toward the midline Anatomical orientation

Meninges

series of three protective membranes that cover the CNS

Dura mater

Outermost meningeal layer, Thick, tough and fibrous, and Contains venous sinuses that drain blood from the brain

Arachnoid layer

Middle layer, thin, web-like membrane, Acts as a cushioning membrane, Subarachnoid Space, Between arachnoid mater and pia mater, Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Pia mater

Innermost meningeal layer, very thin and delicate, Adheres tightly to the brain’s gyri and sulci

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

a clear, colorless body fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord and acts a shock absorber for the brain along with provides buoyancy, delivers nutrients and removes waste products of metabolism and
excess neurotransmitter

Gyri (singular: gyrus):

a distinctive pattern of folds or
bumps of the brain

Sulci (singular: sulcus):

grooves of the brain and form important landmarks that allow us
to separate different part of cerebrum into functional
centers

A lobe of the brain:

a major region of the cerebrum that
is distinguished by anatomical boundaries (sulci) and
specific functions

Frontal lobe

Responsible for high order cognitive
functions (reasoning, planning, decision making),
coordinating voluntary movement

Parietal lobe

Processes sensory information

Temporal lobe

involved in hearing, memory, and
language production and comprehension

Occipital lobe

Primarily responsible for vision

Forebrain

High-order cognition, perception, emotion, memory,
physiological regulation

Gray matter

Information processing, integration, and control, Composed of cell bodies and dendrites of the brain cells, Looks darker

White matter

Communication, information transferring, Composed of nerve fibers (neuronal axons) covered in fat
contents(myelin), Looks lighter

Corpus Callosum

A thick band of white matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres, Provides a pathway for communication between hemispheres, 10 in (250 mm) in length and consisting of 200–300 million axonal projections

Limbic System

A group of brain structures in the brain that are important for
emotional responses and learning and memory. Consists of Amygdala, Hippocampus, Hypothalamus, Thalamus

Hypothalamus

involved in emotions and drives, vital for
survival, Link between the nervous system and
endocrine system, homeostasis (part of limbic system)

Pituitary gland

Small endocrine gland which releases
hormones and regulates other endocrine
glands, Anterior vs posterior

Thalamus

Egg-shaped structure in the
middle of the brain, sensory relay center of the brain expect for smell

Amygdala

A small, almond-shaped structure inside of
your brain. Emotional learning, Fear learning, Anxiety, Reward processing, Sexual and aggressive behavior

Hippocampus

embedded deep into
temporal lobe, Learning and memory, Memory consolidation, Spatial memory

Basal Ganglia

collection of subcortical gray matter structures
(clusters of neuron cell bodies) responsible for Motor control, Motor learning & habits, Cognitive & emotional roles

Midbrain

Between the forebrain and the hindbrain responsible for sensory information relay and motor control

Hindbrain

Vital functions for survival (breathing, heartbeat), movement coordination. Lowest part of the brain, just above the spinal cord (connects directly with
the spinal cord)

Hindbrain: Pons

allows communication cortex, cerebellum,
and spinal cord and regulates breathing

Hindbrain: Medulla

controls vital autonomic functions (e.i. breathing, heart rate, digestion,
sneezing, and vomiting)

Hindbrain: Cerebellum

involves in balance, posture,
coordination, motor learning

Peripheral nervous system: somatic nervous system

Controlling conscious voluntary movements and relaying sensory
information from the body to the brain, made up of nerves that link the
brain and spinal cord to voluntary or skeletal muscles.

Somatic Nervous System: Cranial nerves

12 pairs of nerves that control sensation, movement, and autonomic functions of the head, neck,
and some internal organs

Somatic Nervous System : Spinal nerves

Pairs of peripheral nerves that emerge from the spinal cord, Connect the CNS to the rest of the body

Vertebrae

A bony spinal column made of small bones in which the spinal cord is inside

Bell-Magendie Law

Dorsal spinal cord (posterior, afferent) is sensory. Ventral spinal cord (anterior, efferent) is motor control

PNS: Autonomic Nervous system: Sympathetic

Responsible for fight or flight response

PNS: Autonomic Nervous system: Parasympathetic

Responsible for activities that occur when the body is at rest, promoting “rest and digest” activities, conserving energy and supporting routine bodily functions.

PNS: Autonomic Nervous System

Controls involuntary functions of the body (e.i. heart rate, digestion, respiration, and gland activity → without conscious control)

Brain

Controls memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, breathing,
temperature, hunger and every process that regulates our body

Spinal cord
Spinal cord

A collection of brain cells running from the base of the brain down the
center of the back,

Spinal Reflex

Example: knee-jerk reflex, withdrawal reflex

PNS: Enteric Nervous System

A network of neurons embedded in the lining of the gastrointestinal tract that controls bowel, the brain and ENS connect through the ANS, especially via the vagus nerve. ENS sometimes called the second brain because it uses some of the same chemical messagers as the brain.

Neurons

nerve cells that send messages all over your body to allow you to do everything from breathing to talking, eating, walking, and thinking

Glial cells

support/assist neurons ~85 billion, Different types of these exist

Camillo Golgi (1843 – 1926)

Golgi discovered a method of staining nervous
tissue which enabled to outline of the cells in the
nervous system compared to surrounding
tissues.

Reticular theory

Golgi proposed that proposed the nervous
system was a continuous single network of cells

Santiago Cajal

Considered as a father of modern neuroscience, Came up with the concept called "the neuron doctrine“

the neuron doctrine

the nervous system is made up of discrete individual cells, Neurons are connected indirectly through small gaps (synapse)