Child Development - Chapter 1 McGraw Hill Questions

Which of the following best describes Erikson's theory of development?

A multistage theory in which a developmental task in each stage confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved

As compared to Freud, today's psychoanalytic theorists place more emphasis on ______ as determinants of an individual's development.

cultural experiences

Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development is the stage of ______ versus ______.

trust; mistrust

Whereas Freud believed that the primary motivation for human behavior is ______ in nature, Erikson believed that is was ______.

sexual; social

During Erikson's stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt, what do infants begin to do?

Assert their independence

Psychoanalytic theories of development place heavy emphasis on the role of

the unconscious

The superego is the Freudian structure of personality that

has morality or right and wrong

As preschoolers encounter a wider social world with new challenges that require responsible, active, purposeful behavior, which of Erikson's stages occurs?

Initiative versus guilt

Who was the psychoanalytic theorist that proposed the eight-stage psychosocial theory of development?

Erikson

During which developmental stage of Erikson's theory do children, usually in the elementary school years, direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills?

Industry versus inferiority

Which of Erikson's stages of development occurs during the first year of life?

Trust versus mistrust

Which of Erikson's stages occurs in late infancy and toddlerhood and involves infants realizing their will?

Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Erikson's Eight Stages of Development

1. trust vs. mistrust

2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt

3. initiative vs. guilt

4. industry vs. inferiority

5. identity vs. identity confusion

6. intimacy vs. isolation

7. generativity vs. stagnation

8. integrity vs. despair

Erikson 1st stage

Name: trust vs. mistrust

Age: infancy (first year)

Erikson 2nd Stage

Name: autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Age: Infancy (1 to 3 years)

Erikson 3rd Stage

Name: initiative vs. guilt

Age: early childhood (preschool years, 3 to 5 years)

Erikson 4th Stage

Name: industry vs. inferiority

Age: middle and late childhood (elementary school years, 6 years to puberty)

Erikson 5th Stage

Name: identity vs. identity confusion

Age: adolescence (10 to 20 years)

Erikson 6th Stage

Name: intimacy vs. isolation

Age: early adulthood (20s, 30s)

Erikson 7th Stage

Name: generativity vs. stagnation

Age: middle adulthood (40's, 50's)

Erikson 8th Stage

Name: integrity vs. despair

Age: late adulthood (60s onward)

Which of the following best describes Erikson's developmental stage that involves adolescents finding out who they are and what they want to do in their lives?

Identity versus identity confusion

According to Erikson, at what stage do children encounter a wider social world and face new challenges that require active, purposeful behavior?

Initiative versus guilt

Shevanti is 20 years old and has begun dating her roommate's brother. They are talking about making a serious commitment and possibly getting engaged. According to Erikson, Shevanti is most likely in the...

intimacy versus isolation stage

Erikson's seventh developmental stage is ______ versus ______, which involves people in middle adulthood either exhibiting concern for helping the next generation to develop and lead useful lives, or feeling as if they have not done anything to help the younger generation.

Generativity; stagnation

Madeleine is in her early nineties and is in a nursing home. She has been reflecting on her life and reviewing it as a life well spent. According to Erikson's developmental theory, she is in which stage of development?

Integrity versus despair

Contributions of psychoanalytic theories:

-emphasis on the unconscious

-focus on family relationships

-developmentally oriented framework

Cognitive theories of development:

-Piaget's cognitive developmental theory

-Vygotsky's sociocultural theory

-Information-processing theory

Erikson's stage of ______ is a crucial stage in which young adults form or fail to form healthy relationships.

intimacy versus isolation

What two processes underlie Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

organization and adaptation

Criticisms of psychoanalytic theories:

-Overemphasis on sexual underpinnings

-A lack of scientific support

-An image of people that is too negative

Unlike psychoanalytic theories, what do cognitive theories of development emphasize?

Conscious thoughts

Piaget's four stages of cognitive development:

1. sensorimotor

2. preoperational

3. concrete operational

4. formal operational

Piaget 1st Stage

Name: sensorimotor

Age: birth to 2 years of age

Piaget 2nd Stage

Name: preoperational

Age: 2 to 7 years of age

Piaget 3rd Stage

Name: concrete operational

Age: 7 to 11 years of age

Piaget 4th Stage

Name: formal operational

Age: 11 years of age through adulthood

Which of the following are abilities of a child in the preoperational stage, according to Piaget?

-Engage in symbolic thought

-Represent the world with speech

-Make a drawing to represent a car

Key characteristics of Vygotsky's theory:

-Culture

-Social interaction

Marcos can reason logically about real or specific examples, but he cannot yet reason logically about hypothetical or abstract ideas. Which Piagetian stage is he in?

concrete operational

Which theoretical approach states that individuals develop a gradually increasing capacity for sensing, storing, and remembering data, which allows them to acquire increasingly complex knowledge and skills?

Information-processing

Thelma is capable of abstract thinking and has become quite idealistic. According to Piaget, she is in the ______ stage.

formal operational

What theoretical view holds that behavior, environment, and cognition are the key factors in development?

social cognitive theory

Vygotsky's Theory

A sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development.

According to Piaget, children in the ______ stage cannot yet reason logically about hypothetical or abstract ideas, but they can do so with specific examples.

concrete operational

What theory of development emphasizes individuals manipulating, monitoring, and strategizing about information?

Information-processing theory

Siegler emphasized the use of ______ to discover not just what children know but the cognitive processes involved in how they acquired that knowledge.

the microgenetic method

What are the three key factors in social cognitive theory?

-Behavior

-Environment

-Cognition

Ethological Theory

behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, critical or sensitive periods

Ecological Theory

environmental factors

The perspective that does not rigidly believe in any one theoretical perspective but considers multiple theories and selects the best features from each is known as a(n) ______ theoretical orientation.

eclectic

A _____ is a controlled setting for scientific observation, in which many of the complex factors of the "real world" are absent.

laboratory

According to ______, the presence or absence of certain experiences is especially important during specific time frames called critical periods.

ethologists

Type of research designed to observe and record behavior?

descriptive

A research assistant refers to his participants as Latinos. A number of them object to the term, saying that they or their ancestors are from Mexico, Cuba, Spain, Puerto Rico, or Venezuela. This is an example of

ethnic gloss.

Bronfenbrenner ecological theory

development reflects the five environmental systems:

1. microsystem

2. mesosystem

3. ecosystem,

4. macrosystem

5. chronosystem

Two-year-old Stacey and her mom, Patricia, have gone to the university to participate in a study. While they play together with some puppets, a researcher watches them from behind a one-way mirror. The researcher is utilizing:

laboratory research

What can happen when researchers overgeneralize ethnic groups?

-Researchers obtain samples that are not representative of the group's diversity.

-Groups are portrayed as being more homogeneous.

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

-getting an allowance after completing chores

-getting spanked for running in the street

-getting relief from pain after taking an aspirin

Positive reinforcement ________ and negative reinforcement ________.

strengthens behavior by adding a stimulus; strengthens behavior by removing a stimulus

John lost his wallet. He hopes it is somewhere in his bedroom. He has searched for it, but the room is so messy that he hasn't found it and can't be sure it is there. If John stops leaving his room in a mess in the future, then losing his wallet has functioned as a

negative punishment.

Jake has found a correlation between the amount of time he spends exercising every day and the number of hours he sleeps at night. The more he exercises, the longer he sleeps. However, his psychology instructor explained to him that correlation does not mean causation. This means that

by itself, the correlation doesn't say if more exercise causes longer sleep

Which of the following is the best example of a positive correlation?

The less interesting the lecture, the less likely you are to remember everything the instructor said.

There is a strong negative correlation between smoking while pregnant and the birth weight of the baby. This means which of the following?

The more you smoke while pregnant, the less your baby will weigh at birth.

A researcher found that self-esteem in school children is positively correlated with grades. In other words, the higher the child's self-esteem, the higher the child's grades tend to be. Further research indicated that a third variable may cause this correlation. Which of the following is most likely to be the third variable in this example?

IQ score

Suppose some female rats are given caffeine and others are not. The researchers then count how many times the rats given caffeine couple with males, and how many times the rats not given caffeine couple. In this example, the independent variable is

caffeine

A teacher believes that her students will perform better on a test if they receive extra feedback on their homework. To test this idea, she randomly assigns half of her students to get extra feedback. At the end of the semester, she compares the scores of the students who received extra feedback with those who received a normal amount of feedback. In this example, the dependent variable is

test scores

The dependent variable causes a change in the

-independent variable.

-scores.

-hypothesis.

((None of the answer choices are correct.

Correct))

An independent variable is

manipulated by the experimenter.