Microbiology Exam 3 Review

This parasite has sexual reproduction, multicellular, contains Legs and breaks down food via digestion. Consist of fleas and tick.

Arthropods

what are saprobes?

fungus that live off of dead matter

• fungi that live in soil: aspergillus

• bread mold

what are symbionts?

fungus that lives together w/ the living source of organic matter w/ mutual advantage

• some live on plants and feed off the plants matter but generate metabolites that the plant needs for survival

what are commensals?

fungus that benefits from the source of the organic compound but the source is not harmed

what are parasites?

• class that typically cases disease

• fungus that benefits from the source of the living organic compound (HOST) while the host suffers

This parasite has sexual reproduction, multicellular, muscle wiggling and break down food via digestion.

Nematods

This parasite has asexual reproduction, unicellular, either flagella or cilia movement and breaks down food via passive or active cellular uptake. Targets the GI Tract and associated with oocyst

Protozoa

This parasite has asexual reproduction, unicellular and has pseudopods. Migrates into GI tract and tissue via cyst. Has the ability to degrade surrounding tissue.

Ameoba

Hot Spot for Parasites

Temperature, Overpopulation, Contaminated Water, Limited Access to Medicine, Third World/Developing Countries

What is the Primary method of exposure for parasites?

Oral Route

Most common meat product for cyst to reside in.

Pork

Most common type of shedding.

Fecal Matter

Most common animal to transmit Cyst

Cats

What type of larvae causes Malaria and associated with Tachyzoites?

Plasmodium

Toxoplasmosis

a parasite that is most commonly transmitted from pets to humans by contact with contaminated animal feces

What type of parasitic infection results in the lysis of RBC?

Malaria

What type of pathogenesis is unique to both fungi and parasite infection?

Nutrition Starvation

Which types of pathogenesis is unique only to parasite infections?

Tissue obstruction and mechanical tissue damage.

Which types of pathogenesis is found in all pathogens?

Cell lysis, toxic byproducts and immunopathology.

Amebic Dysentery

an intestinal disorder caused by a parasite

Sporozoites

plasmodium cells that enter the bloodstream and infect the liver. More associated from sexual reproduction.

Cyclospora Cayetanesis

Protozoa that stays in the GI which causes dysentery and diarrhea.

Entamoeba Histolytica

Intestinal Trophozoite and Cyst. Symptoms include liver, lung and neuron abscesses.

Trophozoites

active stage engaged in feeding, reproducing, and moving which is more invasive and an active adult.

Merozites

Motile stage that is capable of asexual division and infection.

Schizonts

Dividies into thousands of daughter cells alongside trophozoites to invade liver or red blood cells.

Hypnozoite

sporozoite in liver that goes dormant in host instead of transforming into trophozoite

When does malaria start to take form in the human body?

Invasion of Erythrocyte cells.

Which two types of cellular parasites undergo gamete production.

Schizont and Trophozoite

Leishmaniasis

Vector transmission of adult protozoa into tissue

Tachyzoites

a fast multiplication stage of zoites in the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii typically found in tissues

Bradyzoites

Slowly multiplying intracellular trophozoites of Toxoplasma gondii.

Which Parasite Infection is an Exception for having the highest Mortality Rate?

Malaria

Which type of Chemical Poison is unique and safe due to lack of side effects present.

Folic Acid Antagonist

When should antibodies be used for parasitic infections?

When the parasite is undergoing folic acid synthesis

Which type of parasitic antibody targets ribosomes?

Tetracyclines

Which type of parasitic antibody targets DNA Polymerases?

Nitroimidazoles

Which type of parasitic antibody targets RNA Polymerases?

Benzimidazoles

Which type of parasitic antibody targets Folic Acid?

Sulfonamides

What does Bivalent Vaccine do in Malaria

Target the sporozoite and Merozoite stage

What are the characteristics of Yeast?

Unicellular, budding, limited range of growth, commensals, self transmission less environmental resistant.

What are the characteristics of Mold?

Multicellular, spores, broader range of growth, soprobic and more environmental resistant.

How do Molds undergo sexual reproduction?

Hyphae Mating

What is Di-Morphic Fungi?

Type of fungal disease that transitions between mold and yeast.

What unique structures do Yeast contain?

Cell Wall and Polar Bud Scar

What is the Fruiting body?

the reproductive structure of the fungus

Stages of Mold Growth for Sexual Reproduction

1. Elongation of Hyphae Mating

2. Developing fruit bodies from the Hyphae

3. Fruiting body contains stalk like structure that forms spores.

How do Molds undergo asexual reproduction?

Spontaneous growth of fruiting bodies

Hyphae

The branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi

How many Pseudo hyphae does Yeast produce?

4 Pseudo Hyphae

What is the only type of fungus that can cause diseases in healthy individuals?

Di-Morphic Fungus

Mycosis

any fungal infection in or on the body

Chlamydospores

thick-walled spores that are formed terminally or within hyphal segments

Microconidia

Single-celled, small conidia

Spherules

Bacteria like yeast cells that have high adhesion

Arthroconidiaspores

Type of mold in soil or dead organic matter that releases endospores when inhaled.

Endospores

Contain spherules

What is the Parasitic Phase?

Mold transmissions into yeast which results in the germination of saprobic spores.

What is the Saprobic Phase?

The exposure phase in the human host primarily inhalation of mold spores.

What are the characteristics of Coccidioides Immitis?

Arthroconidia spore, lung niche, asymptomatic, desert environment.

What are the characteristics of Blastomyces Dermatitidus?

Microconidia spore, dimorphic primary fungus, fallen leaves.

How does Blastomyces Dermatitidus enter the body.

Inhalation of spore, airway germination and contact with injury.

What are the characteristics of Histoplasma Capsulatum?

Microconidia spore, lung niche, high nitrogen, asymptomatic, feces.

What are the characteristics of Sporothrix Schenkii?

Condida spore, resides in a warm and humid environment.

How does Sporothrix Schenkii enter the body?

Traumatic contact with soil or ground.

What is Aspergillus?

Mold growing in the lungs. More common in CF patients.

What is Pneumocystis?

Small unicellular fungus that causes pneumonia and most prominent opportunistic infection in AIDS patients

What is Stachybotris?

Chronic mycotoxin exposure eventually leading to infection of the lungs

What is Aflatoxin?

carcinogenic toxin produced by Aspergillus

What is Cryptococcus Neoformans?

Opportunistic yeast that affects the lungs and associated with HIV or other immunocompromised conditions.

What is Candida?

Yeast flora that can become pathogenic primarily in the mouth, skin and vagina.

Yeast Opportunistic Infections are common.

FALSE

Why is Candida the exception for yeast opportunistic infections?

Flora characteristics which allows it to reside throughout the body while avoiding immune system.

What are Mycotoxins?

toxins produced by fungi which are capable of causing disease

What are the characteristics of having and treating a Topical/Dermal Infection?

More common type of infection. Typically over the counter prescriptions with limited side effects.

What are the characteristics of having and treating a Deep/Invasive Infection?

More rare type of infection. Grows throughout the body and requires chemotherapy.

When is chemotherapy not effective for invasive fungal infections?

If the patient is compromised with other illnesses or immune system.

What are Polyenes?

Targets cell membrane/ergosterol by binding and cell lysis

What are Azoles?

Targets ergosterol synthesis

What are Flucytosine?

Targets DNA Synthesis via Cytosine transport

What are Echinocandians?

Targets the cell wall of yeast

Fungal Infections are considered a primary pathogen.

FALSE

Which types of morphology have a development time?

Oocyst and Egg

Which morphology have no development time?

Cyst

What are some characteristics of Oocyst?

GI Tract niche, protozoa, fecal transmission.

What are some characteristics of Cyst?

Affects multiple systems, amoeba, fecal or flesh transmission, dormant adult.

What is the only type of morphology that can leave the GI tract and spread to other parts of the body?

Cyst

What is Toxoplasma Gondi?

Parasite the causes Toxoplasmosis;

Associated with fecal contamination from cats and raw meat

What is the least environment resistant morphology?

Larvae

Piperazine

Limited toxicity in host used to treat nematode related diseases.

What is the three basics of Nematod Lifecycle?

Ingestion or Eggs, Direct Penetration, Vector Transmission

What types of reproduction can unicellular parasite do?

Sexual and Asexual production

What is common among fungal diseases?

Majority of diseases associated are opportunistic.

What is a pseudohyhea?

A multicellular yeast structure associated with longitudinal growth.

What is the most common route of transmission for Candida?

Self Transmission due to flora becoming pathogenic

Result from sexual reproduction for mold.

Diploid to Haploid to Diploid.

What is Koch's postulate and what are some issues regarding the modern day?

demonstrate that a specific microbe causes a specific disease. Doesn't consider the role of the immune system, host factors or genetic factors.

How does Meningitis occur?

Infection of nervous tissues and CSF resulting in inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. Caused by the 4 main types of micro-organisms.

What is Pneumonia?

Primarily a opportunistic pathogen that associates with lung disorders. More prevalent in HIV patients. Caused by the 4 main types of micro-organisms

Why can't direct exposure of malaria through blood result in a transmission?

No carrier to form larva.