Gastrointestinal System (GI): Comprehensive Study Guide

What is the digestive tract responsible for?

Breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and expelling waste.

What is chyme?

A semi-liquid mixture of food and gastric secretions formed in the stomach.

What enzyme breaks down carbohydrates in the mouth?

Amylase.

What is the role of peptidase?

To break down proteins in the stomach.

What is the acidic pH of the stomach?

Approximately 1-2.

What are the functions of the small intestine?

Absorbs nutrients, facilitated by villi and enzymes.

What condition is characterized by infrequent bowel movements?

Constipation.

What promotes stool passage in cases of constipation?

Laxatives.

What are common causes of diarrhea?

Infections, diet, or drugs.

What are anti-diarrheal agents used for?

To absorb fluids and replenish electrolytes.

What is emesis?

Vomiting, a protective mechanism against toxins.

What is the function of antiemetic agents?

To prevent nausea and vomiting.

How do you describe the pH gradient in the digestive system?

It varies to optimize enzyme activity across different segments.

What protects the stomach from self-digestion?

Mucus produced by foveolar cells.

What drugs can treat ulcers?

Antibiotics, H2 blockers, PPIs, antacids, and barrier agents.

What is the BRAT diet used for?

To recover from diarrhea; consists of Banana, Rice, Applesauce, Toast.

How does stress influence the development of ulcers?

It suppresses the immune system, increasing susceptibility to Helicobacter pylori infections.

What is the impact of NSAIDs on stomach health?

They reduce protective mucus, increasing the risk of ulcers.

What types of fiber can help in digestive health?

Soluble fiber regulates digestion, while insoluble fiber alleviates constipation.

What is the potential effect of rapid stool transit during diarrhea?

It prevents water and electrolyte absorption.