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1914-1918
Dates of WWI
Central Powers vs Allies
Who?
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
The Central Powers
France, Britain, Russia (later the USA replaces Russia)
Triple Entente (Allies)
German plan to invade France through Belgium then invade Russia to avoid fighting a two front war
Schlieffen Plan
Russia exits war, then the Ottoman Empire followed by Austria-Hungary. There is an uprising in Germany
Alliances at the end of the war (how it ended)
Returned Alsace-Lorraine to France
Gave other territories to Belgium, Denmark, Poland
All colonies (Africa, China, Pacific islands) taken over by Allied nations
Germany:
Forced to accept blame for the war
Set reparations for damage to Allied territory (33 billion in 1921)
Forbade manufacture of most military equipment including tanks and aircraft
Made the Rhineland a demilitarized zone; placed it and the Saar valley under international control
Treaty of Versailles
officially known as the German Reich, a constitutional federal republic, Nazis hated it as it was seen as a historical aberration
Weimar Republic
understood the power of media and rose through the ranks of the fascist party; was very liked
Mussolini
group of veterans who hated the Weimar Republic and who rose because people also the the Republic and loved Hitler
Nazis
the Parliament building, Reichstag, was set on fire a few days before elections and blamed it on the communists
Reichstag Fire
creates a state of emergency and allows Hitler to pass legislation without other approval, gave Nazis total power
Enabling Act
after the fire, there was a built hatred towards communists and there were only Nazis who had power
Reichstag and the Enabling Act
Italian veterans, the paramilitary arm of the Fascist party
Blackshirts
Nazi militarized core of supporters many of whom were veterans and Freikorps also known as SA or Stormtroopers
Brownshirts
German paramilitary group (militia) formed of unhappy veterans who used violence to undermine other groups, they hated the Weimar Republic and wanted the monarchy
Freikorps
War Communism, New Economy Plan, 5 Year Plan
Russian economy plans
production run by the state and extra food needed to be given to the army first, it tried to abolish money, failed
War communism
abolished state confiscation of extra food but instituted a 10% tax, private businesses back and currency reform
New Economy Plan
Great Britain - Winston Churchill, The US - FDR, The Soviet Union - Joseph Stalin
Big Three
Germany - hitler, Italy - Mussolini, Japan - Emperor Hirohito
Axis Powers
giving Hitler what he wants to avoid war
Appeasement
March 7, 1936 - Nazis occupy the Rhineland
March 12/13, 1938 - Nazi troops enter Austria
Oct 15, 1938 - Nazi troops occupy Czechoslovakia
so that Germans could have more "living space", and to unify all German regions to make one large country with shared nationalism
Territories Hitler took before the war (which ones and why?)
before the war - Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Pact
after the war - Soviet Union divided Germany and Berlin into four occupation zones to be administered by the four countries
What happened between Germany and the USSR before and after the war
Japan's attempt to form an economic and military bloc consisting of nations within East and Southeast Asia against Western colonization and manipulation, Japanese racial purity and supremacy, treated Chinese and Koreans with brutality
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
June 22, 1940: France signs an armistice with Germany agreeing to the German occupation of northern France and the coast, french military was demobilized, one portion was under control of the German military, the other was left French in full sovereignty
France in 1940
May 26 - June 4 1940: 331,226 soldiers were rescued at Dunkirk
Done by civilian craft and war destroyers
The RAF played a huge role in defending the retreating troops from the Luftwaffle
Dunkirk
Winston Churchill refused to surrender
The Luftwaffe began massive attacks on Britain (7 Sep 1940) to destroy air defenses and morale
Britain held firm
Operation Sea Lion
The British resistance convinced Hitler to postpone the invasion but he continued bombing attacks
The Blitz
The turning point of the war
Nazi Germany and allies vs Soviet Union
Lasted 199 days (Aug 1942 - Feb 1943)Iwo Jima
Staligrad
Operation Overload
The Allied needed to establish a second front
General Dwight Eisenhower launched an invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944
Successful
Allowed them to push Germany back
D-Day
Japanese Admiral Yaramoto hoped to capture Midway Island as a base to attack Pearl Harbor again
US Admiral Chester Nimitz caught the Japanese by surprise and sank all 4 Japanese aircraft carriers
Midway
All 100000 Japanese defender killed
US invaded this island which would provide a staging area of the Japanese island
Okinawa
American marines invaded this island which was needed to provide fighters escort for bombings over Japan
Iwo Jima
Operation torch (1943) - Allied victory in North Africa and invasion of Italy
D-Day
Turning points on the Western Front
Stalingrad
Turning points on the eastern front
Battle of midway
Turning points in the pacific
originally named Operation Fritz, code name for the German invasion of the Soviet Union
Operation Barbarossa
an Allied invasion of French North Africa during the Second World War
Operation Torch
Nazi Germany's code name for the plan for an invasion of the United Kingdom during the Battle of Britain
Operation Sea Lion
WWII ended with the atomic bomb dropping on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Hitler committed suicide
How did the war end? What happened to Hitler?
VE day - victory in Europe day (May 8, 1945)
VJ day - victory over Japan day (Aug 14, 1945)
VE and VJ day
Nazi propaganda Minister Jospeh Goebbels incites the crowd in the Berlin Lustgarten to boycott Jewish owned businesses as a response to the anti-German “atrocity propaganda” being spread around by “international Jewry”
Nazi storm troopers would block the entrance to Jewish owned stores
Signs would read “Germans, defend yourselves against the Jewish atrocity propaganda, buy only at German shops!” and “Germans, defend yourselves, buy only at German shops!”
The Boycott of Jewish Businesses
burned books with “unGerman” ideas
Einstein - Jewish, academic
Karl Marx - communist
Freud - wrote about science, Jewish
Book burnings (why? which authors?)
deprived German Jews of their rights of citizenship
Forbid jews to marry or have sexual relations with Aryans
It caused confusion as to who exactly was a “Jew”
The Nazis settled on defining a “full Jew” as a person with three Jewish grandparents
A person who acts contrary to these prohibitions of will be punished with hard labor
Made Jews legally different then their non Jewish neighbors
The Nuremberg Laws (purpose, what did they determine?)
Created by the Nazis as holding areas for Jews awaiting deportation
Starvation diet, poor sanitation, disease
The Ghettos (purpose, conditions of life)
The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons
The Manhattan Project
The Potsdam Declaration, or the Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender, was a statement that called for the surrender of all Japanese armed forces during World War II.
The Potsdam Declaration
Trinity was the code name of the first detonation of a nuclear weapon
Trinity
On 6 (Hiroshima - Little Boy) and 9 (Nagasaki - Fat Man) August 1945, the United States detonated two atomic bombs over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, respectively
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
warning to the Soviets
wanted unconditional surrender
knew the Japanese military code did not allow surrender
save us from having to invade Japan, American lives saved
2 billion dollars was too much to spend on a weapon and not use it
reasons for dropping the bomb
evidence that Japan was already negotiating surrender before Hiroshima
the results of pervious firebombing its use was militarily unnecessary
some believe the effect of the bomb on civilians made it a war crime
many believe it was simply morally unconscienceable
reasons to not drop the bomb