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XY Sex Determination
Females are homogametic (XX), producing X-carrying eggs.
Males are heterogametic (XY), producing X- and Y-carrying sperm.
SRY Gene
The presence of the Y chromosomes that determines maleness, which triggers male development.
Drosophila melanogaster
Common fruit fly
XO Sex Determination
Females are XX
Males have a single X chromosome (XO)
The absence of a second sex chromosome in males determines maleness.
ZW Sex Determination
Females are heterogametic (ZW) and determine the sex of the offspring.
Males are homogametic (ZZ)
Haplo-diploid Sex Determination
Females develop from fertilized diploid eggs (2n).
Males develop from unfertilized haploid eggs (n).
Parthenogenesis
A natural form of asexual reproduction in which the embryo develops directly from an egg without need for fertilization.
X-Linked Inheritance
Males (XY) express all X-linked traits because they have only one X chromosome.
Females (XX) can be homozygous or heterozygous for X-linked traits.
Y-Linked Inheritance
Only males inherit Y-linked traits.
Traits are passed directly from father to son.
The Y chromosome carries relatively few genes, many of which are involved in male-specific development.