Governments During the Revolutionary Era

The Katipunan was a secret revolutionary society founded by Andres Bonifacio on July 7, 1892, which initiated the Philippine Revolution on August 26, 1896.

What was the Katipunan and when did it begin the revolution?

The Katipunan’s central government was the Supreme Council (Kataastaasang Sanggunian).

What was the central governing body of the Katipunan?

Each province under the Katipunan had a Provincial Council (Sangguniang Balangay).

What council governed each province under the Katipunan?

Each town under the Katipunan had a Popular Council (Sangguniang Bayan).

What council governed towns under the Katipunan?

Judicial power in the Katipunan was exercised by the Judicial Council (Sangguniang Hukuman).

What body exercised judicial power in the Katipunan government?

The Katipunan government functioned as a military government due to the exigencies of war.

What type of government did the Katipunan operate as?

The Katipunan was the first clear break from Spanish rule with the goal of establishing a free and sovereign Philippines.

What was the ultimate goal of the Katipunan?

The Tejeros Convention was held on March 22–23, 1897.

When was the Tejeros Convention held?

The Tejeros Government unified all rebel forces and had officials freely elected by representatives of the people.

What was the significance of the Tejeros Government?

The Biak-na-Bato Republic was established by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo on November 1, 1897 in San Miguel de Mayumo, Bulacan.

Who founded the Biak-na-Bato Republic, when, and where?

The Biak-na-Bato Republic had a constitution valid for two years, declaring separation from Spain and formation of an independent state.

What did the Biak-na-Bato Constitution declare and how long was it valid?

The Biak-na-Bato Republic ended on December 15, 1897 with the Pact of Biak-na-Bato.

When and why did the Biak-na-Bato Republic end?

The Pact of Biak-na-Bato required Spain to grant self-rule to the Philippines within three years if Aguinaldo went into exile.

What were the terms of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato?

Aguinaldo and his fellow revolutionaries went into exile in Hong Kong after the Pact of Biak-na-Bato.

Where did Aguinaldo and his men go into exile after Biak-na-Bato?

The Dictatorial Government was established by Aguinaldo on May 23, 1898 after the outbreak of the Spanish-American War.

When and why was the Dictatorial Government established?

The Dictatorial Government proclaimed Philippine Independence on June 12, 1898 in Kawit, Cavite.

What was the major achievement of the Dictatorial Government on June 12, 1898?

The Dictatorial Government reorganized local governments in 1898.

What other achievement did the Dictatorial Government accomplish aside from independence?

The Revolutionary Government was established by Aguinaldo on June 29, 1898 replacing the Dictatorial Government.

When and why was the Revolutionary Government created?

The Revolutionary Government had Aguinaldo as President and a Congress with advisory and ministerial functions.

Who led the Revolutionary Government and what was its legislative body?

The Revolutionary Government’s aim was to secure independence, gain recognition from nations, and prepare the Philippines for a real republic.

What were the aims of the Revolutionary Government?

The Revolutionary Government sent diplomatic notes abroad requesting recognition of the Philippines as a free and independent nation.

What foreign policy action did the Revolutionary Government take?

The First Philippine Republic was established by the Malolos Congress on September 15, 1898 in Malolos, Bulacan.

When and where was the First Philippine Republic established?

The Malolos Constitution was promulgated on September 15, 1898 and ratified on September 29, 1898.

When was the Malolos Constitution promulgated and ratified?

The Malolos Constitution ratified Aguinaldo’s proclamation of Philippine Independence made on June 12, 1898.

What did the Malolos Constitution formally confirm?

The First Philippine Republic was inaugurated on January 23, 1899 with Aguinaldo as President.

When was the First Philippine Republic inaugurated and who was its President?

The Malolos Constitution was the first democratic constitution in Asia, creating a free and independent Philippine Republic.

What was the historical significance of the Malolos Constitution?

Malolos became the seat of government of the Philippine Republic, the first independent republic in Asia.

What city served as the seat of the First Philippine Republic?

The First Philippine Republic ended when Aguinaldo was captured in Palanan, Isabela on April 1, 1901.

When and where did the First Philippine Republic end?

The Malolos Constitution provided for three branches: legislature, executive, and judiciary.

What were the three branches established by the Malolos Constitution?

The Philippine Revolution of 1896 gave birth to the first constitutional democracy in Asia and the West Pacific.

What was the significance of the Philippine Revolution in terms of constitutional development?