AP PSYCH EXAM people!

Wilhelm Wundt

First psychology laboratory, structuralist

G. Stanley Hall

First formal laboratory at John Hopkins, functionalist

Edward Bradford Titchener

Structuralism

William James

First psychology textbook

Mary Whiton Calkins

First woman president of the APA

Margaret Floy Washburn

First woman to get a psychology PH.D.

John B. Watson

Father of behaviorism, little Albert experiment

B.F. Skinner

Behaviorism, operant conditioning

Carl Rogers

Humanistic psychologist, introduced the theory of self-concept

Abraham Maslow

Humanistic psychologist, introduced the hierarchy of needs

Paul Broca

Named an area in the brain involved with speech function

Carl Wernicke

Named an area in the brain involved with language function

Roger Sperry

Studied split brain patients and found that the two sides of the brain have specialized functions (left = communication, right = emotional processing)

Michael Gazzaniga

Studied split brain patients and found that the two sides of the brain function independently

Thomas Bouchard

Minnesota twin experiment, nature vs nurture

David Hubel

Discovered feature detectors, studied neural basis of vision

Torsten Wiesel

Discovered feature detectors that respond to different types of stimuli

Ernst Weber

Theres a law named after them regarding the just-noticeable difference

Gustav Fechner

Coined the term absolute threshold

Elanor Gibson

Performed the visual cliff experiment

Rosalie Rayner

Woman who did the little albert experiment

John Garcia

Has an effect named after him where he found rats had taste aversions to food that made them nauseous

Edward Thorndike

Created the law of effect, puzzle box experiments with cats

Robert Rescorla

Founded the contingency theory, showed that in classical conditioning, pairing two stimuli doesn't always produce the same level of conditioning

Albert Bandura

DId the bobo doll experiment, founder of modeling

Edward Tolman

Researched cognitive maps using rats running in a maze repeatedly, formed the theory of latent learning

Wolfgang Kohler

Studied insight learning, looked at chimpanzees solving problems suddenly

Ivan Pavlov

Classical conditioning, dog salivating to a bell

B.F. Skinner

Operant conditioning, used rewards and punishments, animals in a box undergoing operant conditioning

George Sperling

Documented the existence of iconic memory

George Miller

Found that human short-term memory is generally limited to holding seven pieces of information, plus or minus two

Alexander Luria

Studied a patient with eidetic memory who could repeat a list of 70 letters or digits

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Founded the spacing effect: distributed practice works better than mass practice

Noah Chomsky

Proposed the theory of universal grammar, which states language acquisition is innate or inborn as opposed to being learned

Elizabeth Loftus

Revealed that many memories could be planted or fabricated by using subtle ways to make people believe they remembered a particular event, such as suggesting, questioning, or making a person doubt themselves by claiming they may have repressed the memory of it.

Benjamin Whorf

Founded linguistic relativity

Francis Galton

Developed the idea of "nature vs. nurture." In a time before I.Q. tests, they attempted to measure intelligence through reaction time tests

Charles Spearman

Developed the concept of the g factor

Howard Gardner

Proposed 8 types of intelligence

Daniel Goleman

Proposed the idea of emotional intelligence

Robert Sternberg

Proposed that there are three aspects to intelligence; creative, analytical, and practical intelligence.

Alfred Binet

Created the first practical intelligence test by assessing the diverse abilities of Parisian schoolchildren in the 19th century

Lewis Terman

Revised the Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales

David Wechsler

Invented intelligence tests that evaluated cognitive abilities in adults and children

Konrad Lorenz

Did a study on the principle of attachment, or imprinting with geese

Harry Harlow

Studied maternal-separation, dependency needs, and did social isolation experiments on rhesus monkeys which revealed the importance of contact comfort and social interaction to healthy development

Mary Ainsworth

Came up with the Strange Situation paradigm to observe how children react when their caregiver re-enters the room after having left prior

Lev Vygotsky

Through the use of scaffolding (supporting or coaching students as they work toward more complex tasks), children can develop higher-level cognitive abilities

Alfred Binet

Came up with the first widely used intelligence test

Carol Gilligan

Criticized Kohlberg's theory for being male-centric and proposed that women have different moral perspectives, focusing more on care and relationships rather than justice

Charles Darwin

Believed a person’s psychological characteristics improved an individual's chance of survival

Abraham Maslow 

Humanist who created the hierarchy of needs

William Masters  

Worked with his wife and documented the sexual response cycle in 4 stages:Initial Excitement, Plateau Phase, Orgasm, Resolution Phase

Virginia Johnson

Worked with her husband and described the sexual response cycle with four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

Alfred Kinsey

Determined that sexual behavior comprises more than physical contact

William James

Developed theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological response to emotion-arousing stimuli.

Carl Lange

Had a theory that emotions are influenced by physiological reactions to stimuli

Walter Bradford Cannon

Founded a theory that stimulating events trigger feelings and physical reactions that occur at the same time

Philip Bard

Founded a theory that stimulating events trigger feelings and physical reactions that occur at the same time

Stanley Schachter

They developed the two factor theory of emotion

Thomas Holmes

Formed a theory says that the accumulation on several life events is an important contributor to adverse health outcomes

Richard Rahe

Formed a theory says that the accumulation on several life events is an important contributor to adverse health outcomes

Hans Selye

Made the general adaption syndrome

Karen Horney

Made significant contributions to humanism, self-psychology, psychoanalysis, and feminine psychology. Refuted Freud's theories about women generated more interest in the psychology of women. Founded womb theory

Nancy Chodorow

Proposed theories on the reproduction of mothering and gender development, emphasizing the importance of early relationships with mothers.

Carl Jung

Believed that our personality begins with a collective unconscious, developed within our species throughout time. 4 archetypes of personality: persona, shadow, anima, and the self

Alfred Alder

Proposed the theory that humans are social beings, and that all behavior is socially embedded with social meaning. Identified four lifestyle/personality types: the socially useful type, the ruling type, the getting type, and the avoiding type

Paul Costa

Proposed that personality can be described by the big five personality traits.

Hans Eysenck

Believed personality is largely governed by biology, and he viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: extroversion vs. introversion and neuroticism vs. stability. Was a key proponent of the trait personality theory, which assumes that we have certain stable and enduring characteristics, influenced by genetic predispositions

Gordon Allport

Created a three tiered hierarchy of traits: Central traits: present to varying degrees in all people, Secondary traits: Present in all people, but dependent upon immediate context, Cardinal traits: Rare, but strongly deterministic of behavior

William Sheldon

Created somatotype theory, and argued certain personality traits were associated with 3 body types

Raymond Cattell

Developed the 16 personality factor test

Robert McCrae

Worked on the Five-Factor Model of personality

B.F. Skinner 

Personality is determined by the environment 

Albert Bandura

Personality is created by interactions between the person, environment, and persons behavior. Also personality is affected by self-efficacy -high self efficacy tend to be more optimistic and get things done

George Kelly

Personality construct theory: states that people develop constructs of pairs of opposite things, believed that people's behavior is determined by how they interpret the world and by knowing how people have acted in the past you can predict how they will act in the future

Julian Rotter

Focused on locus of control

Abraham Maslow

Focused on the importance of self-concept and self esteem

Carl Rogers

Created self-theory and believes that although people are innately good, they require certain things from their interactions with others, most importantly, unconditional positive regard, in order to self-actualize.

Aaron Beck

Believed that depression results from unreasonably negative ideas that people have about themselves, their world, and their futures (cognitive triad) 

Martin Seligman

Theorized about 'learned helplessness'- that one will start to act helpless in a situation if they find that the can't stop the harmful stimulus, even if they actually do have the power to stop it. Did an experiment with dogs

David Rosenhan

Conducted a study where a number of participants entered a mental hospital claiming to “hear voices”. They were admitted with a false diagnosis of schizophrenia. Was one of the first to apply psychological methods to the practice of law, including the examination of expert witnesses, jury selection, and jury deliberation

Fritz Perls

Coined the term gestalt therapy which focused on increasing a person's awareness, freedom, and self direction. it is based on the idea that people are influenced by their present environment

Mary Cover Jones

Used technique called counterconditioning (unpleasant condition response replaced with pleasant response). Developed & tested techniques to reduce phobias in children. Conducted The case of Peter experiment (a study of the removal of a fear of rabbits through conditioning conducted on a three-year-old named Peter at Columbia University) using counterconditioning

Joseph Wolpe

Developed the therapeutic technique called systematic desensitization

Albert Ellis

He developed the rational emotive behavior therapy (also known as REBT or referred as RET) to expose and confront the dysfunctional thoughts of their clients. The therapist’s goal would be to show the client that not only is his or her failure an unlikely occurrence but that, even if it did occur, it wouldn’t be such a big deal.

Richard LaPiere

Traveled with a chinese couple in 1934 to assess the correspondence between behaviors and internal attitude

Leon Festinger 

Founded the cognitive dissonance theory

James Carlsmith

Conducted an experiment about cognitive dissonance with boring tasks and monetary compensation for lying

John Darley

Demonstrated and studied the bystander effect

Bibb Latane

Demonstrated and studied the bystander effect

Solomon Asch

Did a conformity experiment were people were asked to report the length of lines and found that people would often give the wrong answer to a question, even if they knew it was wrong, just to go along with the group

Muzafer Sherif

Conducted the robbers cave experiment where 22 boys were separated and given challenges that made them despise each other then they were given challenges that made them work together to solve it, and after having to cooperate they became much more friendly towards each other

Lenore Jacobson

Created the “Pygmalion in the Classroom” experiment and found that people, often children, students or employees, turn to live up to what's expected of them and they tend to do better when treated as if they are capable of success

Harold Kelley

Theorized that people explain their attributions based on three categories: consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus

Stanley Milgram

Conducted the classic obedience studies where 60% of people obeyed and continued to deliver shocks

Philip Zimbardo

Conducted the Stanford prison experiment where participants were randomly assigned to act as guards or prisoners in a mock prison. Founded the Social Intensity Syndrome where service members can develop PTSD or other trauma-related disorders, as well as depression, anxiety, panic, and grief

Robert Rosenthal

Created the “Pygmalion in the Classroom” experiment and found that people, often children, students or employees, turn to live up to what's expected of them and they tend to do better when treated as if they are capable of success