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Disease
Any deviation from the normal functioning of the body
Infectious disease
caused by a microorganism; mere presence does not constitute an infection unless organisms multiply in the body, produce symptoms of the disease and pathological changes in tissues
Non-infectious disease
physical; caused by injury, vegetable or mineral poison, , heat or cold, faulty nutrition, abnormal physiology or abnormal tissue growth
Contagious disease
caused by microorganism that is readily transferrable from one individual to another by direct or indirect contact
True
TRUE OR FALSE. Contagious diseases are all infectious but not all infectious are contagious
False
TRUE OR FALSE. Infectious diseases are all contagious but not all contagious are infectious
Saprophytic
live on dead matter; putrefaction of retained placenta; sapremia
Parasitic
live at the expense of host to which they cause injury
Pathogens
organisms that are capable of producing disease
Pathogenicity
ability to cause disease
Virulence
degree of pathogenicity
Streptolysin O
labile protein containing sulfur and oxidized by atmospheric oxygen
Streptolysin O
Neutralized by specific immune serum and by cholesterol
Streptolysin S
Stable in the presence of atmospheric oxygen
Lipoprotein and not neutralized by cholesterol
Serum (S)
Streptolysin S is extractable from streptococcal cells by means of ____; preserved by lyophilization
beta hemolysis, aerobic
Streptolysin forms ______ around streptococci colonies under _____ conditions
Streptolysin S
Toxic to leukocytes, platelets and other cells
Leucocidin
Staphylococci, cause destruction of leukocytes; reacts to WBC
Leucocidin
Identical to hemolysin O
Leucocidin
Destruction of phagocytes, protective mechanism
Fibrinolysin
streptokinase
Fibrinolysin
Dissolution of fibrin clots
proteolytic, inactive
fibrinolysin activates _____ enzymes normally present in plasma in _____form
Coagulase
Staphylococcus aureus
Coagulase
Enzyme-like substance which causes coagulation of blood plasma from rabbits and humans
penetration of leukocytes and lytic agents
Coagulation of plasma around colonies prevents _______ and _______
Lecithinase
toxin which brings about hydrolysis of lecithin when acted upon by calcium ions; effect on blood-vascular system
Collagenase
proteolytic enzyme which causes disintegration of muscle tissue by decomposing reticular scaffolding; lowers resistance
Hyaluronidase
enzyme which hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid
Hyaluronic acid
A viscous, polysaccharide acid of high molecular weight present in intercellular ground substance of tissues
Hyaluronidase
Increases permeability and allows rapid spread of infection (spreading factor)
Growth on ordinary artificial media
High temperature
Contact with chemicals
Enumerate loss of virulence
anthrax bacillus
it maintains virulence on artificial media but losses virulence at 42’C
Attenuation
decrease in virulence
blood or serum
Avirulent strains can be made virulent when grown on media containing
phenomenon of dissociation
Loss or acquisition of virulence associated with
S
is more virulent than R form
Capsulated
is more virulent than non-capsulated
polysaccharide, immunity
Organisms more virulent when they contain a specific _____ which has an important role in _______
Gram negative bacteria
possess endotoxic substance known as O or somatic Ag composed of carbohydrate, protein and phospholipid located near cell-surface and liberated upon lysis of cells; highly toxic and pyrogenic
Pyrogens
substances that increase body temperature
Specificity for certain tissue respiratory vs digestive
Extent to which bacteria are able to multiply in tissue and response of defense mechanism of the host
Malnutrition, temperature, fatigue and genetic constitution
Factors that alter resistance of host
Direct contact, indirect contact, vertical transmission
Transmission of Infectious Agents
direct contact
Licking in diarrhea in calves & Rabies thru bites
indirect contact
mastitius thu milker’s hand
pullorum disease
example of vertical transmission
Salmonella pullorum
causative agent of pullorum disease in chickens
convalescent, asymptomatic, inapparent, vectors, soil (tetanus), aerosol or dust, sexual contact (venereal disease)
types of carriers
convalescent carrier
pullorum disease is what kind of carrier
inapparent carrier
pseudorabies in swine is what type of carrier
Convalescent carrier
have experienced illness because of an infectious agent and are still able to transmit it to others
Asymptomatic carrier
infected with a disease (or develops a disease; diagnosed) but fails to display any noticeable symptoms
Inapparent carrier
able to transmit an infection to others, without ever developing the infection themselves
Vectors
ticks, fleas, lice and mosquitoes
Atria of Infection
Avenue thru which organism gains entrance to the body; portal of entry
Cryptogenic infection
impossible to determine portal of entry
Bacteremia
presence of bacteria in blood vascular system
Septicemia
accompanied by fever, rapid pulse rate, marked prostration
Sapremia
absorption of end products of tissue disintegration
Pyemia
pus
Toxemia
generation and accumulation of metabolic wastes and exogenous toxins within the body
Exanthematous disease
skin eruptions
Primary infection
one cause only (usually virus)
Mixed infection
more than one cause
Secondary infection
may naunang cause, may pangalawang dumating (usually bacteria)
Focal infection
pagpasok ni organism tsaka sha mag multiply (localized infection)
Hyaluronic acid
cementing substance
Coagulated plasma
acts as a shell that protects the organism
Fibrin clots
network for clotting
Fibrinogen
converts into fibrin
Hemolysins
ruptures or lyses RBC
Tetanus and anthrax
example of bacteria that varies in ability to cause disease (pathogenicity)
Tetanus
takes days before it’s fatal
Anthrax
death will be fast
Tetanus and botulism
example in contagious disease are all infectious, but not all infectious are contagious
Clostridium tetani
causes tetanus
Clostridium botulinum
causes botulism