Anatomy and Physiology || Vocabulary

Skeletal system

Skeletal system

• Consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints

• Provides muscle attachment for movement

• Protects vital organs

• Site of blood cell formation

• Stores minerals

Muscular system

• Skeletal muscles contract (or shorten)

• Produces movement of bones

Nervous system

• Fast acting control system

• Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory

• Responds to internal/external stimuli

• Sensory receptors detect changes

• Messages are sent to the central nervous system

• Central nervous system assesses information and activates effectors (muscles & glands)

Endocrine glands

• Secretes chemical molecules, called hormones, into the blood

• Body functions controlled by hormones include:

  • Growth

  • Reproduction

  • Use of nutrients

Endocrine system

• Includes:

  • Pituitary gland

  • Thyroid + parathyroids

  • Adrenal glands

  • Thymus

  • Pancreas

  • Pineal gland

  • Ovaries (female) + testes (male)

Cardiovascular system

• Includes heart & blood vessels

• Vessels transport blood to tissues

• Blood transports

  • Oxygen & carbon dioxide

  • Nutrients

  • Hormones

Lymphatic system

• Includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs

• Complements the cardiovascular system by refuming leaked fluids back to bloodstream

• Lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs cleanse the blood

• Houses white blood cells, which are involved with immunity

Respiratory system

• Includes the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

• Gases are exchanged with the blood through air sacs in the lungs

  • Supplies body with oxygen

  • Removes carbon dioxide

Digestive system

• Includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine, rectum, and accessory organs

• Breaks down food

• Allows from nutrient absorption into blood

• Eliminates indigestible material as feces

Urinary system

• Includes kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

• Maintains acid-base balance

• Regulates water and electrolyte balance

  • Helps regulate normal blood pressure

Integumentary system

• Forms the external body covering (skin) and includes hair and fingernails

• Waterproofs the body

• Cushions and protects deeper tissue from injury

• Produces Vitamin D with the help of sunlight

• Excretes salt in perspiration

• Helps regulate body temperature

• Location of cuteaneous nerve receptors

Superior (cranial/cephalic)

toward the head or upper part of a structure/body; above

Inferior (caudal)

away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure/body; below

Anterior (ventral)

toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Posterior (dorsal)

toward or at the backside of the body; behind

Medial

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

Lateral

away from the middle of the body; on the outer side of

Intermediate

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Proximal

close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to a body trunk

Superficial (external)

toward/at the body surface

Deep (internal)

away from the body surface; more internal

Sagittal

Divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts

Midsagittal

Divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts

Frontal/coronal

Divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse/cross

Divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts

Thoracic cavity

• Cavity superior to the diaphragm

• Houses heart, lungs, and other organs

• Mediastinum, the central region, houses heart, trachea, and other organs

• Protected by the rib cage

Abdominopelvic cavity

• Cavity inferior to the diaphragm

• Superior abdominal cavity contains the stomach, liver, and other organs

  • Protected only by trunk muscles

• Inferior pelvic cavity contains reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum

  • Protected somewhat by bony pelvis

• No physical structure separates abdominal from pelvic cavities

Negative feedback

• Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms

• Shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity

• Works like a household thermostat

Positive feedback

• Rare in the human body

• Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther

• Reaction occurs at a faster rate

• In the body, positive feedback occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby

Which cavity houses the spinal cord?

vertebral/dorsal

The stomach area is what cavity?

abdominal

Identify the cavity that houses the heart and lungs

thoracic (chest) cavity

Identify the structure that separates the thoracic cavity from the rest of the ventral cavity

diaphragm

The hip area is what cavity?

pelvic

Identify the cavity that houses the stomach, liver, and other digestive organs

abdominal

Which of the following is the smallest unit of all living things?

- organ
- tissue
- cell
- organ system

cell

The heart and blood vessels are the primary organs of the _____ system

cardiovascular

The skeletal muscles that contract and shorten to move the bones form the _____ system

muscular

The _____ system rids the body of indigestible food residue in feces while the _____ system removes nitrogen-containing metabolic waste in urine

digestive; urinary

_____ refers to all of the chemical reactions in the body

metabolism

What accounts for 60-80% of the body’s weight?

water

What part of the negative feedback mechanism is the sweat gland?

effector

The net effect of the effector is to shut off the original _____, or reduce its intensity, during the negative feedback mechanism to restore homeostasis

stimulus

When we imagine a person exhibiting anatomical position, the palms of the hands are assumed to be facing _____

forward

The body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions is referred to as _____

homeostasis

The sural region is ___ to the crural region

posterior (I don’t think we learned this)

Edna tore a ligament in the patellar region and anticipates having difficulty with her

knee

The vertebral region is _____ to the sternal region

dorsal (posterior)

The central region of the thoracic cavity containing the heart is called the _____

mediastinum

Which directional term best describes the location of the human nose?

anterior

The branch of biological science that studies and describes how body parts work or function

Physiology

The study of the shape and structure of body parts

Anatomy

The tendency of the body’s systems to maintain a relatively constant or balanced internal environment

Homeostasis

The term that indicates all chemical reactions occurring in the body

Metabolism

Rids the body of nitrogen-containing wastes

Conserves body water or eliminates excess

Kidneys, bladder, ureters

Urinary

Is affected by the removal of the thyroid gland

Controls the body with chemicals called hormones

Pancreas, pituitary, adrenal glands

Endocrine

Provides support and levers on which the muscular system can act

Breastbone, vertebral column, skull

Skeletal

Includes the heart, blood vessels

Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues

Cardiovascular

Protects underlying organs from drying out and mechanical damage

Is damaged when you cut your finger or get a severe sunburn

Integumentary

Protects the body; destroys bacteria and tumor cells

Lymphatic/Immune

Breaks down foodstuffs into small particles that can be absorbed

Esophagus, large intestine, rectum

Digestive

Removes carbon dioxide from the blood

Respiratory

Moves the limbs; allows facial expression

Muscular

Provides for conception and childbearing

Testes, vas deferens, urethra

Reproductive

Brain, nerves, sensory receptors

Nervous