27 Contraception methods

What is abstinence : overview

choosing not to engage in sexual intercourse

Advantages of abstinence

prevents pregnancy and STI’s, no cost and no medical side effects, can be chosen at any time and acceptable to most religons

Disadvantages of abstinence

requires strong self-control and commitment, may be difficult to maintain in long term relationships, provides protection against STI’s, does not provide protection once sexual activity begins unless another method is use

Periodic Abstinence - rhythm method overview

Abstaining from intercourse on the fertile days, ovulation occurs around the 14th day of the menstrual cycle, fertile window is approx 4 days before and after, used in conjunction with other methods due to uncertain variation of cycles and ovulation days

Advantages of periodic abstinence- rhythm method

no costs and no medical side effects, acceptable to most religions

Disadvantages of periodic absteinance -rhythm metho

less reliable than many other contraceptive methods, requires careful and consistent monitoring of the cycle, no protection against STI’s

How do u use periodic abstinence rhythm method

Ovulation occurs around 14th day of menstrual cycle and fertile window is approx 4 days before and after

Period abstinence - temperature method overview

Temperature is measure each morning to predict ovulation, ovulation is accompanied by a sharp drop-then rise, intercourse is ‘safe’ three days after this temperature rise occurs

Advantages of periodic abstinence - temperature method

No costs and no medical side effects, acceptable to most religons

Disadvantages of periodic abstinence - temperature method

Less reliable than many other contraceptive methods, requires careful and consistent monitoring of the cycle, no protection against STI’s

How does the temperature method work

It is measured each morning to predict ovulation, ovulation is accompanied by a sharp drop then a rise, intercourse is ‘safe’ three days after this temperature rise occurs

Periodic abstinence - mucus method overview

detecting ovulation by the changes in cervical mucus, on the day of ovulation mucus is clear, sexual intercourse is ‘safe’ when there is no mucus and more than three days after the last day of clear mucus

Mucus method advantages

No costs and no medical side effects, acceptable to most religion

Mucus method disadvantages

Less reliable than many other contraceptive methods, requires careful and consistent monitoring of the cycle, no protection against STI’s

Periodic abstinence- symptothermal method overview

Use of the rhythm method as well as combination of the temperature and cervical mucus method to predict fertility

Periodic abstinence symptothermal method pros

no costs and no medical side effects, acceptable to most religions

Symptothermal method disadvantages

Less reliable than many other contraceptive methods, requires careful and consistent monitoring of the cycle, no protection against STI’s

Lactational Amenorrhoea

The period of infertility following child birth, relies on hormones produced for breastfeeding which inhibit ovulation

Lactational amenorrhoea advantages

No costs and no medical side effects, acceptable to most relgions

Disadvantage of lactational amenorrhea

Must be breastfeeding, only lasts six months, no protection against STI’s

Coitus interruptus (withdrawal)

Removal of penis from vagina before ejaculation

Withdrawal advantages

No costs or medical side effects, acceptable to most religions

Withdrawal disadvantages

Highly unreliable, relies on male recognising signs before ejaculation, no protection against STI’s

What do mechanical barriers do

prevent sperm from reaching secondary ooc

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Condom

latex tube encloses penis, prevents semen from entering vagina

pros of condom

cheap, accessible, good protection against sti, effectie

cons of condom

tear or slip after ejaculation, affects pleasure, cooperative partner

diaphragm and cervical cap

rubber cap fits across top of vagina (diaphragm) or over cervix (cervical cap) used in combination with spermicide, left in for min 6 hours after intercourse

pros of diaphragm and cervical cap

no effect on menstrual cycle, insert hour before intercourse

cons of diaphragm and cervical cap

hard to inset, doc for correct size, use w spermicide to increase reliability, sti risk

Female condom

Thin polyurethane tube with a closed end (fits over cervix) and open on the other end surrounds entrance to vagina.

pros of female condom

no effect on menstrual cycle, insert hours before intercourse, good protection against sti

cons of female condom

hard to insert, sti risk

spermicide overview

•Immobilise and destroy sperm

•React with vaginal fluid to form gas bubbles and provide a physical barrier

May be taken as creams, tablets, foams

pros of spermicides

no effect on menstrual cycle, easy

cons of spermicides

poor reliability on its own, risk of sti

hormonal contraceptives

very effective when used correctly and consistently, prevents ovulation in females or implantation by changing hormone levels in body

3 advantages of hormonal contraceptives

reduces heavy bleeding or irregular periods/ painful, treats pco, reduces chances of ectopic pregnancy

3 risks of hormonal contraceptive

unintended pregnancy, blood clots (progesterone only), migraine headaches

3 more advantages of hormonal contraceptives

reduces iron-deficiency anaemia, decreases acne, reduces hair growth

more risk for hormonal contraceptives

increased cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, heart attack or stroke if smoking

Last advantage for hormonal contraceptive

treatment for pelvic inflammatory disease

combined contraceptive pill

contains substitute hormones for progesterone and oestrogen (inhibits FSH and LH), taken daily form, prevent release of eggs from ovary, thicken cervical mucus (physical barrier to sperm), alter endometrial lining to negate implantation

Advantages of combine contraceptive pill

reliable if taken consistently, reduces risk of ovarian and uterine cancer

Disadvantage of combined contraceptive pill

requires doctors prescription, must be taken daily at the same time, no protection against STI’s

What do Higher levels of progesterone inhibit

LH surge, preventing ovulation

Mini pill

contains a substitute hormone for progesterone only, taken daily, thicken cervical mucus physical barrier to sperm, after endometrial lining to negate implantation

mini pill advantages

reliable if taken consistently, suitable for people who cant take oestrogen

disadvantages for mini pill

must be taken at the same time each day, no protection against STI’s, possible side effects

Depo provera and depo ralovera

an injection that contains a substitute hormones for progesterone only, injection in the arm or upper buttock, thicken cervical mucus (physical barrier to sperm), after endometrial lining to negate implantation

advantages of depo provera and depo ralovera

reliable, long lasting (3 months(

disadvantages depo porvera and depo ralovera

non-reversible, possible side effects, no protection against STI’s

implanon

contains a substitute hormone for progesterone only (slow release), implanted in the arm, thickens cervical mucus, alters endometrial lining, negating implantation

advantages of implanon

very reliable and provides protection long term, easy to remove, ovulation returns to normal within three works

Disadvantages of implanon

no protection against against STI, possible side effects

vaginal ring

contains substitute hormone for progesterone and oestrogen (slow release), small plastic ring is inserted into the vagina for three weeks, prevents ovulation, thickens cervical mucus (physical barrier to sperm), alter endometrial lining to negate implantation

pros of vaginal ring

reliable, moderately long lasting

disadvantages of vaginal ring

must be removed and replaced regularly (three weeks in and one week out), no protection against STI’s

mirena

contains a substitute hormone for progesterone, plastic device inserted into uterus (5 years protection), thickens cervical mucus, alter endometrial lining to negate implantation and may stop ovulation completely

advantages of mirena

very reliable, long lasting and reversible

cons of mirena

must be inserted and removed by a doctor, can cause heavy bleeding and pain, no protection against STI

copper iud

plastic device with copper wire frame inserted into uterus (10 years protection), inhibit the movement of sperm through uterus, preventing fertilisation, prevent implantation into endometrium

copper iud pros

very reliable, long lasting and reversible

copper iud cons

must be inserted and removed by a doctor, can cause heavy bleeding and pain, no protectiion against sti

emergency morning after pill

taken within 72 hours of sexual intercourse, many different types and effects, delays/prevents ovulation, prevents sperm reaching the egg, inhibits implantation (physical barrier to sperm)

pros of morning after pill

reliable, not recommended as the first method of contraception, available

cons of morning after pill

use within 72 hours to be effective, no protection against STI

sterilisation

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altering the anatomy of the reproductive systems to prevent fertilisation, male vasectomy-small piece of vas deferens is cut and end of tubes sealed up, female tubal ligation-small piece of fallopian tub cute and end of tubules sealed up

advantages of sterilisation

permanent, very reliable

cons of sterilisation

not easily reversed, requires surgery, no protection STI