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Science differs from other disciplines, such as history and the arts, because science relies on
testing explanations
Science is best described as a
way of knowing
The work of scientists usually begins with
careful observations
During a controlled experiment, a scientist isolates and tests
a single variable
A student sees a bee on a flower. The student wonders how the bee finds flowers. This student is displaying the scientific attitude of
curiosity
Why is creativity considered a scientific attitude?
Creativity helps scientist come up with different experiments
Suppose a scientist must choose whether to publish a report in a newspaper or in a peer-reviewed journal. What is a benefit of publishing in the journal?
The reviewers will fix mistakes in the report's experiment
Who reviews articles for peer-reviewed journals?
anonymous and independent experts
How does sharing ideas through peer-reviewed articles help advance science?
Scientists reading the articles may come up with new questions to study
A theory
may be revised or replaced
How do scientific theories compare to hypotheses?
Theories unify a broad range of observations and hypotheses
Which of the following is NOT a way that science influences society?
Science gives society answers to difficult ethical issues
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living things?
ability to move
Which of the following characteristics of living things best explains why some North American birds fly south for winter?
Living things respond to their environment
Figure 1-1 illustrates which characteristic of living things?
Living things need material and energy
The process by which organisms keep everything inside their bodies within certain limits is called
homeostasis
Figure 1-2 shows that tree finches and ground finches are descended from a common ancestor. This example represents which big idea in biology?
evolution
Would a scientist who studies evolution also have to learn about other branches of biology? Why or why not?
Yes; the different branches of biology are interrelated
What are the smallest objects that biologists study?
cells or molecules
Biologists who work in the fields of genomics and molecular biology study
DNA
The standard or English system of measurement uses units such as yards, miles, quarters, and gallons. The metric system uses units such as meters, kilometers, milliliters, and liters. Why is the metric system easier to use than the English system?
The metric system is based on multiples of 10
Which of the following is NOT a principle of the cell theory?
very few cells are able to reproduce
Color seen in images made from electron microscopes are
added to make certain structures easier to see
Which of the following is a function of the nucleus?
stores DNA
Which of the following is NOT found in the nucleus?
Mitochondria
Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton?
helps a cell keep its shape
Which structures are involved in cell movement?
Microtubules and microfilaments
Which structure in the cell shown in Figure 7-2 above stores materials, such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates?
Structure C
Which organelle would you expect to find in plant cells but not animal cells?
Chloroplast
The primary function of the cell wall is to
Support and protect the cell
You will NOT find a cell wall in which of these kinds of organisms?
animals
Which of the following structures serves as the cell's boundary from its environment?
cell membrane
The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane is called
osmosis
An animal cell that is surrounded by fresh water will burst because the osmotic pressure causes
water to move into the cell
Which means of particle transport is shown in Figure 7-5 above?
endocytosis
Which term describes the relatively constant internal physical conditions of an organism?
homeostasis
Which of the following is an example of an organ?
heart
A group of similar cells that perform a particular function is called
a tissue
An organ system is a group of organs that
work together to perform a specific function
Which list represents that levels of organization in a multicellular organism from the simplest level to the most complex level?
cell,tissue,organ,organ system
Which of the following organisms makes its own food using light energy from the sun?
oak
Which of the following organisms is a heterotroph?
mushroom
What happens during photosynthesis?
autotrophs produce carbohydrates.
Plants get the energy they need for photosynthesis by absorbing
sunlight
Where in the chloroplast is chlorophyll found?
in the thylakoid membrane.
Which of the following is NOT found in the overall reaction for photosynthesis?
nitrogen
What are the products of the light-dependent reactions?
ATP, NADPH, and oxygen gas
How do organisms get the energy they need?
by breaking down food molecules gradually and capturing their chemical energy
Which of the following is NOT a stage of cellular respiration?
fermentation
What is the correct equation for cellular respiration?
6CO2 + C6H12O6 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down
food molecules
Cellular respiration is called an aerobic process because it requires
oxygen
Which of the following is one of the ways that cellular respiration and photosynthesis are opposite processes?
photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back.
Unlike photosynthesis, cellular respiration occurs in
all eukaryotic cells
If you want to control your weight, how long should you exercise aerobically each time you exercise?
more than 20 minutes
All the following are sources of energy during exercise EXCEPT
alcoholic fermentation
All of the following are problems that growth causes for cells EXCEPT
excess oxygen
Compared with small cells, large cells have more trouble
moving needed materials in and waste products out
After cell division, each daughter cell has
a higher surface area/volume ratio than the parent cell
When during the cell cycle is a cell's DNA replicated?
S Phase
Which event occurs during interphase?
centrioles duplicate
Cell division is represented in Figure 10-3 by the letter?
D
The structures labeled B in Figure 10-5 are called
sister chromatids
During which phases of mitosis are structures like the one shown in figure 10-5 visible?
prophase, metaphase, and anaphase
Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait are said to be
homozygous
Which of the following is a phase of mitosis?
prophase
Which of the following represents the phases of mitosis in their proper sequence?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Which of the following explains why normal cells grown in a petri dish tend to stop growing once they have covered the bottom of the dish?
contact with other cells stops cell growth
In eukaryotic cells, the timing of the cell cycle is regulated by
cyclins
Cancer cells form masses of cells called
tumors
Cancer affects
multicellular organisms only
During early development, all cells in the embryo of a multicellular organism are identical. Later on in development, the cells will become specialized through a process called
differentiation
Each pea-plant gamete has how many alleles for the height gene?
1
Gregor Mendel removed the male parts from the flowers of some plants in order to
control crosses between plants
If a pea plant's alleles for height are tt, what is true of its parents?
both parents were short
A tall plant (TT) is crossed with a short plant (tt). If the tall F1 pea plants are allowed to self-pollinate,
all of the offspring can be tall or short
in the P generation, a tall plant was crossed with a short plant. No F1 plants were short. why do short plants reappear in the F2 generation?
the alleles for both heights segregated when the F1 plants made gametes
Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait are
homozygous
Variation in human skin color is an example of
polygenic traits
Gametes have
one allele for each gene
Gametes are produced by the process of
meiosis
What is shown in Figure 11-4?
Crossing-over
Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of
haploid cells
Which of the following assort independently?
chromosomes
What do bacteriophages infect?
bacteria
Figure 12-2 shows the structure of
a DNA molecule
Which of the following is a nucleotide found in DNA
deoxyribose+phosphate group+cytosine
In eukaryotes, DNA
is located in the nucleus
From which molecules are mRNA molecules transcribed?
DNA
During eukaryotic transcription, an RNA molecule is formed that is
complementary to part of one strand of DNA
Genes contain instructions for assembling
proteins
A mutation that involves one or a few nucleotides is called
a point mutation
Based on the adaptions Charles Darwin observed in finches and tortoises in the Galapagos, he wondered
if species living on different islands had once been members of the same species
Charles Darwin's observation that finches of different species on the Galapagos Island have many similar physical characteristics support the hypothesis that these finches
descended from a common ancestor
On the Galapagos Island, Charles Darwin observed
species similar to mainland South American species
Darwin first began to formulate his concept of evolution by natural selection after
observing patterns among the geographical location of certain species
James Hutton's and Charles Lyell's work suggests that
earth is several million years old
Darwin realized that the economist Malthus's theory of population control
could be generalized to any population of organisms
When a dairy farmer chooses to breed the cows that give the most milk in the herd, the farmers are following the principle of
artificial selection
When a farmer breeds only his or her best livestock, the process involved is
artificial selection
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