lec. 2 General Kinds of Research (1).docx

Basic Research

Research aimed at generating fundamental knowledge and theoretical understanding about basic human and natural processes.

Applied Research

Research focused on answering practical questions to provide immediate solutions to existing problems.

Evaluation Research

A systematic inquiry to assess a program or activity to provide information useful for decision-making.

Action Research

A reflective process of progressive problem-solving conducted by practitioners to address local problems.

Orientational Research

Research aimed at advancing an ideological position, often focusing on inequality and discrimination in society.

Empiricism

The view that knowledge comes from experience and observation.

Expert Opinion

Relying on the insights of specialists in a specific area to gain knowledge.

Deductive Reasoning

A reasoning process that moves from general facts to specific conclusions.

Inductive Reasoning

A reasoning process that moves from specific observations to general conclusions.

Inductive Method

A scientific method that involves observing the world, searching for patterns, and making generalizations.

Deductive Method

A scientific method that involves stating a hypothesis, collecting data, and making decisions to accept or reject the hypothesis.

Theory

An explanation of how and why something operates as it does, which can vary in scope and complexity.

Principle of Evidence

The concept that empirical research provides evidence, not proof, and that knowledge is tentative.

Objectives of Research

The five major objectives include exploration, description, explanation, prediction, and influence.

Formative Evaluation

Evaluation aimed at program improvement during its implementation.

Summative Evaluation

Evaluation aimed at making summary judgments about a program's effectiveness after its completion.

FINER Framework

A tool for evaluating research questions based on feasibility, interest, novelty, ethics, and relevance.

Needs Assessment

Evaluation type that determines if there is a need for a specific program.

Theory Assessment

Evaluation type that assesses if a program is conceptualized effectively.

Impact Assessment

Evaluation type that examines the effects of a program on its intended targets.