bio chapter 2 test

number of bones

206

skeletal system components

bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons

skeletal system functions

provides shape and structure enabling movement

axial bones

bones in your neck, head, back, and chest

appendicular bones

everything else

long bone shape

cylinder shape, larger than wide

long bone function

acts as levers to aid in movement

short bone shape

cubed shape, about as wide as it is long

short bone function

provides stability and support with little movement

flat bone shape

thin and normally curved

flat bone function

provide protection to internal organs, muscle attachment

irregular bone shape

have a complex shape

irregular bone function

highly specialized shape that often provides protection

sesamoid bone shape

small and round

sesamoid bone function

embedded in tendons to protect from compression

epiphyseal plate

growth plate, ossifies and regrows causing growth in height

articular cartilage

padding that protects the end of long bone, smooth movement and cushion from shock

red bone marrow

location of hematopoiesis, produces blood cells

yellow bone marrow

stores fat

what is bone made of

collagen

osteocyte

mature bone cells, makes up majority of the bones structure

osteoblasts

produces new bone

osteoclasts

breaks down bone

ossification

the process of bone tissue formation (key for forming your skeleton)

bone remodeling

breaking down and reforming of bone that occurs throughout out life to maintain proportion and strength

blood calcium levels

bone is created or dissolved “storage tank”, maintained by calcitonin and PTH

osteoporosis affects

causes the bone to be weak, skeletal dieseas

2 steps and repairing fractures

reduction and immobilization

open fracture

requires surgery to secure end of bones with screws

closed fracture

needs hand realignment by the doctor

hematoma

first step, bone breaks, blood vessels in bone and periosteum are torn, blood clots form

soft callus

second step, new blood vessels grow, chondroblast begins to produce bulging cartilage matrix, connecting broken ends

bony callus

osteoblasts produces osteoid, replaces soft callus with bone (hard) callus

remodeling

last step, clean away excess bone callus and hollow out the medullary cavity

partial

break doesn’t go all the way through

complete

break goes completely through

open

bone goes through the skin and can be seen from outside

closed

bone does not go through

displaced

2 broken ends of bone are not lined up and out of place

transverse

break straight across

oblique

diagonal angle across bone

comminuted

more than 3 pieces of broken bone (shattered)

spiral

occurs due to excessive twisting force

greenstick

break caused by bending

impacted

broken ends are jammed together

segmental

occurs when the same bone is broken in 2 places (floating)

articulation

meeting place between 2 or more bones

ligaments

attach bone to bone

tendons

attach muscle to bone

fibrous joints

fibrous connective tissue, immovable or slightly

cartilaginous

cartilage, immovable or slightly

synovial

synovial fluid for frictionless movement, highly movable

pivot joint

rotation, neck

hinge

bending, elbow

ball and socket

allows most movement, hip

saddle joint

opposition movement, thumbs

condylar joint

shallow ball and socket, knuckles

plane joint

gliding movements, between tarsals