BIO 300 Exam 3 (*summary tables and pictures*)

What phylum are Euglena part of?

Euglenophyta

What phylum are Cryptomonads parts of?

Cryptophyta

What phylum are Dinoflagellates part of?

Dinophyta

What phylum / class are Diatoms part of?

Phylum: Ochrophyta , Class: Bacillariophyceae

What phylum / class are Brown algae part of?

Phylum: Ochrophyta , Class: Phaeophyceae

What phylum are Water molds part of?

Oomycota

What phylum are Red algae part of?

Rhodophyta

What phylum / class are Green algae part of (1/3)?

Phylum: Chlorophyta , Class: Chlorophyceae

What phylum / class are Green algae part of (2/3)?

Phylum: Chlorophyta , Class: Ulvophyceae

What phylum are green algae part of (3/3)?

Charophyta

What phylum / class are Plasmodial slime molds part of?

Phylum: Amoebozoa , Class: Myxomycetes

What phylum / class are Cellular slime molds part of?

Phylum: Amoebozoa , Class: Dictyosteliomycetes

What phylum are Liverworts part of?

Marchantiophyta

What phylum are Hornworts part of?

Anthocerophyta

What phylum are Mosses part of?

Bryophyta

What phylum are Ferns and Allies part of?

Polypodiophyta

What phylum are Conifers part of?

Pinophyta

What phylum are Ginkgo trees part of?

Ginkgophyta

What phylum are Cycads part of?

Cycadophyta

What phylum are Gnetophytes part of?

Gnetophyta

What phylum are Flowering plants / Angiosperms part of?

Anthophyta

What are the three major phyla of extinct, early seedless vascular plants called?

Rhyniophyta, Zosterophyllophyta, and Trimerophytophyta

What phylum / subclass are Peat mosses part of?

Phylum: Bryophyta , Subclass: Sphagnidae

What phylum / subclass are Granite mosses part of?

Phylum: Bryophyta , Subclass: Andreaeidae

What phylum / subclass are “True” mosses part of?

Phylum: Bryophyta , Subclass: Bryidae

What features describe the Marchantiophyta (Liverworts)?

Gametophyte: liver-like and has a flat thallus. Sporophyte: tiny. Key reproductive features: gametophores. Other key structural features: GEMMAE CUPS for asexual reproduction. Importance: Nutrient cycling, indicator species since it is sensitive to pollution.

What features describe the Anthocerotophyta (Hornworts)?

Gametophyte: plate-like and has a flat thallus. Sporophyte: “horn” - long capsule (2-3 cm). Key reproductive features: horn-shaped sporophyte that splits longitudinally (from the top down) to release spores. Other key structural features: true stomata on sporophyte for gas exchange. Importance: sporophytes with EARLIEST CUTICLE AND STOMATA.

What features describe the Bryophyta (Mosses)?

Gametophyte: stalk with “leaves” (not true leaves). Sporophyte: long seta with small capsule at the top (2-3 cm). Key reproductive features: archegonium/antheridium, capsule grows out of archegonium and produces spores that disperse via wind. Other key structural features: gemmae (small clonal cell clusters) for asexual reproduction. Importance: Indicator species for air quality and heavy metal contamination.

What features describe the Sphagnidae (Peat mosses)?

Gametophyte: leafy green part forming a dense mat of fluffy “pompom” heads. Sporophyte: dark brown/blackish spherical capsule elevated by pseudopodium. Key reproductive features: OPERCULUM (dry-out causes explosion). Other key structural features: plate-like protonema. Importance: sterile uses (very acidic and absorbent), peat bogs.

What features describe the Andreaeidae (Granite mosses)?

Gametophyte: leafy, dark reddish/brown dominant generation. Sporophyte: supported by gametophyte, lacks seta so it uses gametophyte stem extension (pseudopodium) to be elevated. Key reproductive features: SIDE SLITS. Other key structural features: thalloid plate-like protonema. Importance: first organism to colonize bare rock surfaces, pioneering organisms in extreme/acidic/rocky environments.

What features describe the Bryidae (“True” mosses)?

Gametophyte: One cell thick, dominant leafy green part, “feathery” or “cushiony”. Sporophyte: stalked capsule that grows out of the top of the gametophyte. Key reproductive features: PERISTOMES. Other key structural features: branched protonema; hadrom (central conducting strand (or bundle) of water-conducting cells, known as hydroids). Importance: dense mats that act like sponges to absorb water and prevent flooding, prevent soil erosion, and bind soil particles together.

Even though Peat mosses (Sphagnidae), Granite mosses (Andreaeidae), and “True” mosses (Bryidae) are all part of the Bryophyta phylum, what characteristics set them apart?

They are distinguished by their reproductive features (operculum vs side slits vs peristomes)

What features describe the Eulgenophyta (Euglenoids)?

Photosynthesis pigment: chlorophyll a and b. Storage polysaccharide: Paramylon. Life cycle: No sex. Special structures: Pellicle, two flagella. Importance: Bioremediation, indicators of organic pollution, primary producers of carbohydrates using sunlight. Habitat: mostly freshwater, some marine.

What features describe the Cryptophyta (Cryptomonads)?

Photosynthesis pigment: chlorophyll a and b. Storage polysaccharide: Starch. Life cycle: Not given. Special structures: Cellulose plates, periplast (cell covering acting as a flexible protective layer located beneath and sometimes above the plasma membrane), two flagella. Importance: Cold water food chains (high quality food for zooplankton). Habitat: Marine and freshwater; cold waters.

What features describe the Dinophyta (Dinoflagellates)?

Photosynthesis pigment: chlorophyll a and c. Storage polysaccharide: Starch. Life cycle: Complicated - many stages. Special structures: Theca ("armour" composed of cellulose plates), two perpendicular flagella, mixotroph (autotrophic and heterotrophic metabolic pathways depending on environmental conditions). Importance: Primary producer of organic carbon in marine ecosystems, coral reef symbiosis using nutrients from photosynthesis. Habitat: Mostly marine, many freshwater; some in symbiotic relationships.

What features describe the Myxomycetes (Plasmodial slime molds)?

Photosynthesis pigment: None. Storage polysaccharide: Glycogen. Life cycle: Gametic meiosis. Special structures: PLASMODIUM, slime sheath, two flagella. Importance: decompose organic matter, nutrient recycling, regulate forest soil microbiome by consuming bacteria/yeast/fungi in forest ecosystems. Habitat: Terrestrial.

What features describe the Dictyosteliomycetes (Cellular slime molds)?

Photosynthesis pigment: None. Storage polysaccharide: Glycogen. Life cycle: Zygotic meiosis. Special structures: Pseudoplasmodium (slug), chemotaxis (allows the formation of the slug), slime sheath, no flagella. Importance: Nutrient recycling and decomposition, biomedical research. Habitat: Terrestrial.

What features describe the Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms)?

Photosynthesis pigment: chlorophyll a and c. Storage polysaccharide: Chrysolaminarin. Life cycle: Gametic meiosis. Special structures: FRUSTULES MADE OF SILICA, tinsel / whiplash flagella. Importance: Crucial photosynthetic microalgae that are responsible for about 20% of Earth’s total oxygen production and primary carbon fixation. Habitat: Marine and freshwater.

What features describe the Phaeophyceae (Brown algae)?

Photosynthesis pigment: chlorophyll a and c. Storage polysaccharide: Laminarin. Life cycle: Gametic meiosis or sporic meiosis (alternation of generations). Special structures: Two flagella (tinsel / whiplash), multicellular, holdfast, stipe, blade. Importance: Fix carbon within coastal areas, create massive underwater kelp forests that provide essential habitats for various marine species. Habitat: Marine.

What features describe the Oomycetes (Water molds)?

Photosynthesis pigment: None. Storage polysaccharide: Glycogen. Life cycle: Gametic meiosis. Special structures: Tinsel / whiplash flagella, sporangia, oospores. Importance: Destructive pathogens in agriculture, aquaculture, and natural ecosystems (potato famine and sudden oak death). Habitat: Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial (need water).

What features describe the Rhodophyta (Red algae)?

Photosynthesis pigment: chlorophyll a. Storage polysaccharide: Floridean starch. Life cycle: Sporic meiosis (alternation of generations). Special structures: Red, no flagella, multicellular, complex thalli. Importance: Agar (food-thickening gelatin), nori (food with vitamins and minerals), essential for tropical reef formation. Habitat: Marine, some freshwater.

What features describe the Chlorophyta (Green algae) (1/2)?

Photosynthesis pigment: chlorophyll a and b. Storage polysaccharide: Starch. Life cycle: Varies. Special structures: Pyrenoids, two flagella. Importance: Act as a massive carbon sink and release large amounts of oxygen, supports food web for fish and invertebrates. Habitat: Freshwater, terrestrial.

What features describe the Charophyta (Green algae) (2/2)?

Photosynthesis pigment: chlorophyll a and b. Storage polysaccharide: Starch. Life cycle: Zygotic meiosis. Special structures: Oogonia, antheridia, plasmodesmata, two flagella. Importance: CLOSEST ALGAL RELATIVES TO LAND PLANTS, making them essential for studying plant evolution and land colonization (especially CHARALES and COLEOCHAETALES). Habitat: Freshwater, terrestrial.

What are the two orders (and name their phylum) that are the closest living algal relatives to land plants (ancestor of plants)? What are the defining features / evidence for how we know that?

Charales and Coleochaetales. Phylum: Charophyta. Coleochaetales: (Similar chloroplasts and pyrenoids, apical growth, and wall ingrowth similarities). Charales: (Apical growth, tissue similar to parenchyma, plasmodesmata, similar sperm, sporopollenin, and oogonia-archengonia similarities).

What is the scientific name for a land plant and what phylum is it part of?

Embryophytes. Phylum: Embryophyta.

What is a monophyletic group?

What is a paraphyletic group?

What is a polyphyletic group?

What are three features Charophyta and the earliest land plants had in common (specific things, not just photosynthesis)?

What has a theca (cellulose covering)?

Name a group whose key pigments are chlorophyll a and c?

Key feature(s) of Bacillariophyceae?

Key feature(s) of Euglenophyta?

Life cycle of Euglenophyta?

Key feature of true plants?

What were the features in the earliest land plants that protected them from drying out?

Name 2 phyla with zygotic meiosis?

Name 2 phyla/classes with gametic meiosis?

Name 2 phyla with sporic meiosis (alternation of generations)?

Name a phylum that only uses chlorophyll a?

Name 3 phyla/groups that only use chlorophyll a and b?

Name 3 phyla/groups that only use chlorophyll a and c?

Name 2 phyla/groups that do NOT use any photosynthesis pigments?

Name a phylum that stores Paramylon as its storage polysaccharide?

Name 2 phyla that store starch as their storage polysaccharide?

Name 2 phyla/groups that store glycogen as their storage polysaccharide?

Which phylum stores Floridean starch as its storage polysaccharide?

Which class stores Chrysolaminarin as its storage polysaccharide?

Which class stores Laminarin as its storage polysaccharide?

What are the three main classes of Green algae?

Chlorophyceae, Charophyceae, and Ulvophyceae

What are the differences in flagellar root system, mitosis, and cytokinesis between the three main classes of Green Algae?

Chlorophyceae: symmetrical root system, mitosis is closed nonpersistent spindle, and cytokinesis is furrowing. Charophyceae: asymmetrical root system, mitosis is open persistent spindle, and cytokinesis is furrowing. Ulvophyceae: symmetrical root system, mitosis is closed persistent spindle, and cytokinesis is furrowing.