Exam 1 - Ch. 1 Intro to Functional Anatomy

Based on the slides Dr. Belles told us to know

Motor Skills

• reaching, stabilizing, manipulating, and walking

• physical contribution to occupation

Functional anatomy

• underlying body structures that contribute to movements involved in daily function

• relates to motor performance skills

Functional mobility

• moving from one position or place to another

What are these examples of?

• changing positions in bed

• transferring

• walking (ambulation)

Functional mobility

Anatomical position

• standing upright

• feet apart

• head forward

• arms at sides

• palms forward

Posterior

Back or dorsal

Anterior

Front, volar, or ventral

Medial and lateral

• relative terms

• closer to or farther from midline

Proximal and distal

• relative position to trunk, or another named, fixed reference point

Radial and ulnar

• relative position on forearm, wrist, and hand

Superior

above

Inferior

below

Cranial

direction of the skull

Caudal

beneath, or toward the tail

Ipsilateral

same side of body

Contralateral

opposite side of body

Origin

• attachment that is less likely to move

• usually proximal

Insertion

• more movable attachment

• usually distal

The 3 Planes of Motion

• sagittal

• frontal

• transverse

Sagittal plane divides body into

right and left sides

Midsagittal plane is in 

the center of body (midline)

Flexion and extension movements occur in the ____ plane

Sagittal

Frontal plane is also called the ____ plane

coronal

Frontal plane divides the body into

anterior and posterior portions

Abduction and adduction movements occur in the ____ plane

Frontal

Transverse plane divides body into

inferior and superior portions

Rotatory (rotary) movements occur in the ____ plane

ex. supination and pronation of hands

transverse

The three axis of motion

• Frontal

• Sagittal

• Vertical

Frontal axis

medial to lateral

ex. gymnast on bars

Sagittal axis

anterior to posterior

ex. cartwheel

Vertical axis

inferior to superior

ex. ice skater turning in place

Flexion & Extension Body Parts

• shoulder

• elbow

• wrist

• fingers

• hip

• knee

• ankle

• toes

Abduction & Adduction Body Parts

• shoulder

• fingers

• hips

Supination & Pronation Body Part

forearm

Internal/External Rotation Body Parts

• shoulder

• hip

Circumduction Body Parts

• shoulder

• wrist

• ankle 

• thumb

Thumb motions

• adduction & abduction

• flexion & extension

• opposition

• retropulsion

Kinetic Chains

cooperative, interdependent movement of the segments and joints of the body

Closed-chain

functional movement involves proximal joints moving in relation to a fixed (non-moving) distal segment

ex. pushing a cart

Open-chain

free movement of the distal body part in space, allowing joints to move together or independently of each other

ex. catching a volleybal

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

• covers ends of long bones

• dense CT to absorb force between bones

• multiple layers

Osteoarthritis

• degeneration of cartilage within a joint

Ligaments connect ____ to ____

bone, bone

Ligaments are responsible for

joint stability

Tendons connect _____ to____

muscle, bone

Tendons are responsible for

transferring force

Joint Capsule

• dense fibrous sleeve around synovial joint

  • holds cartilage and bones together to allow motion, but stops them from going sideways

• passive stability

• contains synovial fluid

  • lubricates joint surfaces

Skeletal muscle is

voluntary

Cardiac and smooth muscle is

involuntary

Fascia

• non contractile (passive) tissues within the muscle

  • strong

Flaccid muscle

• results from loss of innervation to a muscle

  • will atrophy away because muscle can’t get stimulated again

Hypertonia

• muscle with increased tone

  • when muscle is flexed and cannot return to a normal range of motion

  • ex. cerebral palsy

Agonist muscle is also referred to as the

prime mover

Synergists

• muscles that assist prime mover (agonist)

Wrist extensors are ______ for finger flexion

synergists

Isometric contraction

• contraction with NO change in length

  • holding mug in hand with elbow flexed to 90 degrees

Isotonic contraction

• contraction with change in muscle length and joint motion

  • eccentric

  • concentric

Eccentric

lengthening

• lowering mug back to table

Concentric

shortening

• bringing mug to mouth

Synovial joints

• mobile

• allow purposeful movement

• also consider sensory aspects

  • proprioception

  • kinesthesia

Ball-and-Socket Joint

• spherical surface fits into concave depression

• most mobile

• rotates around THREE axes

Glenohumeral joint and hip joint are examples of a

ball-and-socket joint

Hinge joint

• motion around single axis

• only flexion and extension

• collateral ligaments limiting medial and lateral movement

Humeroulnar (elbow) joint is an example of a 

Hinge joint

Saddle joint

• modified ellipsoid joint

• convex and concave articulating surfaces

• motion around two axes

Carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of thumb is an example of a 

saddle joint