Biology - reproduction hormones + contraception (Homeostasis)

oestrogen

the female sex hormone produced in the ovary

ovulation

the process of eggs maturing and being realised every 28 days during puberty

explain how the hormones control the menstrual cycle [5]

• FSH is released by the piturity gland, which stimulates maturation of the egg which then stimulates the production of oestrogen

• oestrogen is released by the ovaries, which thickens the uterus lining, inhibiting FSH and stimulates production of LH

• LH is produced by the piturity gland, which released the egg (ovulation) and stimulates production of progesterone

• progesterone is released by the ovaries, which maintains the uterus lining and inhibits LH and FSH

testoserone

the male sex hormone produced by the testes with stimulates sperm production

FSH

Follicle stimulating hormone causes maturation of the egg

LH

Luteinising hormone stimulates the release of the egg

how are oestrogen and progesterone involved in the menstrual cycle?

they maintain the uterus lining

name 4 non hormonal ways of contraception

• barrier methods → condoms, diaphragms

• abstaining from intercourse when an egg may be in the oviduct

• surgical methods of sterilisation

• spermicides which kill sperm

name 2 hormonal ways of contraception

• oral contraceptives → inhibit FSH production so no eggs mature

• injection, implant or skin patch → slow release of progesterone to inhibit release of egg

state 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of the pill

advantages

• can make periods less painful

• 99% effective

disadvantages

• must be taken same time everyday

• no STI protection

state 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of the patch

advantages

• only changes once a week

• can make periods less painful

disadvantages

• can cause side effects like blood clots, headaches

• no STI protection

state 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of the implant

advantages

• lasts up to 3 years

• fertility can return back to normal once implant is taken out

disadvantages

• irregular periods

• surgical procedure

state 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of condoms

advantages

• effective when used correctly

• protects against STIs

disadvantages

• may rip

• allergies to latex or plastics

state an advantage and 2 disadvantages of surgical sterilisation

advantages

• permanent

disadvantages

• requires surgical operation

• short term discomfort while recovering

state a disadvantage of abstinence

one may not know when the egg is released

state 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of intrauterine device

advantages

• 99% effective

• lats 3-5 years

disadvantages

• may cause pain

• risk of infection