Theology III

University of Paris (1175)

Palatine/Palace School

The School of Notre Dame

Saint Genevieve

University of Bolgona

Universities in the Middle Ages

A center for legal study

The school taught Dictamen or art of Composition

Specialized in grammar and rhetoric

What is the University of Bologna (1088)

The Benedictine Monastery (794)

Established at Salerno, studied ancient works such as botanical and medical sciences. 

Constantino Africano  

A Christian who studied in Babylon, Baghdad, and Egypt

Increased the expertise and fame of the Monastery at Salerno

Nations

foreign students who formed groups for protection & housing

Organization of Universities

Italy was the template for the Southern European Universities.

Paris was the center for the North.

Chancellor

had full authority over issuing licences to teach and awarding degrees. To protect their own interests and authority, teachers bound together to form a guild or universitates in Paris

Dean

who were responsible for overseeing academic affairs and administration within their respective faculties

general studies

Studium generale

1. Theology (philosophy)

2.  law (civil {government} and canon {church}) 

3. medicine (which was called physics) and the arts

General Studies

arts divided into two sections: 

1. Trivium (3 ways) - Latin grammar, rhetoric, & logic

2. Quadrivium (4 ways) - arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, & music

neo-Platonic philosophy

Before the Crusades and contact with the East, European Scholars only had access to _______ for theology. 

Scholasticism

 the system of philosophical and theological inquiry first developed in the Medieval schools of Christian Europe, creating its own technical language and methodology

1. Scholar reads an ancient or authoritative text

2. Draws a list of contradictory statements

3. Scholar tries to find agreement between points of contradiction → to attain a certain truth to the works

How was schilasticism used?

St. Anselm

“Father of Scholasticism” - collected authoritative statements from the Church Fathers and attached them to matching texts from the bible. 

Peter of Lombard

Set 2 requirements for the Scholastic method:

1. Questioning is the key to perceiving the truth

2. The differences that will arise in questioning could be resolved by determining the meaning of

St. Thomas Aquinas

13th century Dominican friar

• Studied theology at University of Paris

• Systematically approached all questions that confronted Christianity

Summa Theologiae

sets about understanding the fundamental tenets of Christianity

• The existence of God, divinity of Christ, & Christian morality

Double Truth Theory

compares theology & philosophy and claims philosophy is greater

• This is because philosophy can draw conclusions through demonstrations (logic) ,

While theology is opinionated & uses faith (unprovable)

Mendicant; mendicare

to beg → describes the strict life of poverty lived by the mendicant orders

• Forbidden to own property

• Lived off alms (money/food given to poor people)

Franciscans

dedicated to preaching to the poverty

Dominicans

focused on teaching, education, & the rosary

stigmata

the phenomenon in which a person bears all or some of the wounds of Christ’s Passion on his/her own body

St. Bonaventure (1221-1274)

• Great organizer of the Franciscans 

• Often called the second founder

• Made a provision that allowed individual Franciscans to receive donations

St. Francis of Assisi

• Heard a voice while praying at St. Damian saying “Francis, go build up my house again”

St. Dominic - Domingo de Guzman

a Spaniard, set up the Dominicans or the order of preachers

• Believed that intellectual training & education was important in dealing with Albigensians

Albigensianism

was popular in the 12th & 13th century because it attracted people with their idea of extreme poverty (representing the poverty of Christ) , despising the world, lax clergy, & life in general

Gothic Architecture

the style of building in the Medieval times

• Stained glass windows helped depict scenes from the Bible & lives of saints

• Raised arches

• helped with pillars to hold the structure together

Vernacular literature

according to Dante Alighieri had elements that included -  philosophy, poetry, beauty, love, and God. Each Country was responsible for such-

England

Beowulf, King Arthur, Canterbury Tales, 

France

Excelled in poetry, love of romance, knights courting women etc. Such poems enhanced the exaltation of women through virtue and feminine qualities.

Italy

St. Francis’ Canticle of the Sun, Dante’s Divine Comedy - Poems in Medieval times were classified as High (tragic) or Low (Comedy). Low poems had happy endings and were stories of everyday subject and common people

1. The symbolic relationship between the elements of the painting and theology

Juxtaposition of figures, angels, saints, Jesus and Mary and how it relates to the Christian Truth.

2. Artist paid attention to the facial expressions of the subject.

Trying to reveal the inner souls and expressions through the faces of people

2 aspects of painting