Biology Lecture Notes: Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic, Cell Cycle, Gene Expression, and Enzymes

Flashcards created from lecture notes on key biological concepts such as prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells, the cell cycle, gene expression, mutations, and enzymes.

Prokaryotic

Cells that do not contain a nucleus.

Eukaryotic

Cells that contain a nucleus.

Gene Expression

A regulated process where cells can turn genes ON or OFF.

Cell Cycle

The process important for the growth of organisms involving stages such as S phase for DNA replication.

Unregulated Cell Cycle

When cells divide too rapidly, leading to a mass of cells called a tumor.

Meiosis

A process that results in genetic diversity and variation.

Natural Selection

The process where organisms with favorable traits survive and reproduce, changing populations.

Mutations

Changes in the DNA sequence which may result in base insertion, deletion, or substitution.

Enzymes

Catalysts that bind to specific substrates and accelerate reaction rates by lowering activation energy.

Viruses

Require a host cell to reproduce

Viruses contain genetic material

Mitosis

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

RNA

A - U

C - G

Transcription & Translation

Twist - Product: mRNA

No Twist - Product: Protein

Energy Pyramids

Producers (Most Energy)

Apex Predator (Least Energy)

Mutualism

Both organisms benefit

Parasitism

One benefits, one harmed

Commensalism

One benefits, one unaffected

Predation

One organism kills/eats another

Competition

Two species fighting for resources