ENGL111

Sentence

A word or group of words that expresses a complete thought.

Independent Clause

A clause that can stand alone as a sentence; contains a subject and a verb.

Dependent Clause

A clause that cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be attached to an independent clause.

Examples of Dependent Clause

Like because, although, if, or when

Example of an Independent Clause

“The professor always comes to class fully prepared”

Complex Sentence

A sentence that contains at least one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.

Compound Sentence

A sentence that contains at least two independent clauses.

Simple Sentence

A sentence that contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought.

Compound-Complex Sentence

A sentence that contains at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.

Conjunction

A word that joins words, phrases, or sentences.

3 Main Types of Conjunction

Coordinating

Subordinating

Correlative

Coordinating Conjunctions

Conjunctions that connect ideas of the same kind.

FANBOYS

A mnemonic for the seven coordinating conjunctions: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So.

Subordinating Conjunctions

Conjunctions that introduce subordinate clauses and link them to the main clause.

Example of Subordinating Conjunction

because, although, if,when, and since.

Correlative Conjunctions

Conjunctions that connect the same kinds of words or groups of words in pairs.

Examples of Correlative Conjunction

both/and, either/or, neither/nor, and not only/but also

Interjection

A word used to express feelings or emotions.

Pronoun

A word that takes the place of a noun.

Types of Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

Intensive and Reflexive Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronouns

Indefinite Pronouns

Antecedent

A word for which a pronoun stands. Provides clarity about what or whom the pronoun represents.

Personal Pronouns

Pronouns used to refer to specific people or things.

Subject Pronouns

Performs the action in a sentence.

Examples of Subject Pronouns

I

You

He

She

It

We

They

Object Pronouns

Used as the object of a verb or a preposition. They receive the action in a sentence.

Examples of Object Pronouns

Me

You

Him

Her

It

Us

Them

Intensive Pronoun

A pronoun used for emphasis that refers back to another noun.

Intensive Pronouns

Intensive pronouns end in -self or -selves and include words like myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves.

Reflexive Pronoun

A pronoun used when the subject and the object of a sentence are the same.

Demonstrative Pronoun

A pronoun that points to a specific person, place, or thing.

Indefinite Pronoun

A pronoun that refers to non-specific beings or things.

Adjective

A word that modifies a noun or pronoun.

Descriptive Adjective

An adjective that describes quality, size, age, shape, color, origin, and material.

Limiting Adjective

An adjective that points out an object or indicates its number or quantity.

Interrogative Adjective

An adjective used in questions to modify nouns or pronouns.

Adverb

A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

Adverb of Manner

An adverb that describes how an action is performed.

Adverb of Place

An adverb that indicates where an action occurs.

Adverb of Time

An adverb that indicates when an action occurs.

Adverb of Frequency

An adverb that indicates how often an action occurs.

Adverb of Degree

An adverb that indicates the intensity or degree of an action.

Adverb of Negation

An adverb that indicates a negative action.

Preposition

A word that expresses relationships between a noun or pronoun and other words.

Incoherence

A quality of text where ideas are not logically connected.

Context Clues

Hints that help a reader understand the meaning of unfamiliar words.

Cohesion vs. Coherence

Cohesion is about words sticking together; coherence is about the organization of ideas.

Content Words

Words that provide the most important information or meaning.

Function Words

Words necessary for the grammar of sentences.

Noun

A word that names a person, place, thing, or idea.

Verb

A word that expresses an action or state of being.

Adverb

A word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.

Negative Words

Words such as no, not and never.

Demonstrative Pronouns

Pronouns that point to specific things like this, that, these, and those.

Auxiliary Verbs

Verbs that help in forming tenses and moods.

Prepositions of Time

Prepositions that indicate when something happens.

Prepositions of Place

Prepositions that indicate where something happens.

Prepositions of Direction

Prepositions that indicate the direction of an action.

Definition/Explanation (Context Clue)

An unknown word is explained within the sentence.

Synonym (Context Clue)

A synonymous term is used for clarification.

Antonym (Context Clue)

A word or words with the opposite meaning are included.

Example(Context Clues)

Specific examples are given to illustrate the meaning.

Inference (Context Clue)

Meaning is inferred from contextual clues.

‘Cohere’

Meaning 'to stick together'.

Coherence

Defined as the quality of being logical and consistent.

Cohesion

Refers to how different parts of a text are linked to create a unified flow.

Interjection

Words such as 'Ouch!' that express emotion.

Intensive Pronouns

Used to emphasize a noun or pronoun in the sentence.

Reflexive Pronouns

Reflect back the action of the verb to the subject.

Demonstrative Pronouns

Used to point something out specifically.

Indefinite Pronouns

Refer to non-specific beings or things.

Adjective

Modifies a noun or pronoun to provide more information.

Descriptive Adjective

Gives detailed information about nouns.

Limiting Adjective

Specifies nouns in terms of quantity or identity.

Interrogative Adjective

Used to formulate questions about nouns.

Adverb

Indicates how, when, where, to what extent, or frequency of an action.

Adverb of Manner

Expresses how an action is performed.

Adverb of Place

Indicates location of an action.

Adverb of Time

Specifies when an action occurs.

Adverb of Frequency

Denotes how often an action takes place.

Adverb of Degree

Shows intensity or degree of an action.

Adverb of Negation

Indicates absence or negation of action.

Prepositions

Words that describe relationships between nouns/pronouns and other words.

Place of Preposition

Indicates where an action takes place.

Time of Preposition

Indicates when an action happens.

Direction of Preposition

Indicates the direction of an action.

Prepositions Special Uses

Prepositions used in specific idiomatic expressions.

Cohesion and Coherence

Factors that contribute to the clarity and unity of writing.

Context Clue Methods

Techniques used to understand unfamiliar vocabulary.

Information Keywords

Essential terms that convey meaning in discourse.

Grammar Necessity

Function words that are crucial for sentence structure.

Main Clause

The principal component of a sentence containing a subject and predicate.

Subordinate Clause

A clause that cannot stand alone as a sentence.

Sentence Types

Categories of sentences: simple, compound, complex, compound-complex.

Thought Expression

The act of conveying ideas through sentences.

Clauses

Groups of words that contain a subject and predicate.

Cohesion vs. Coherence

Cohesion relates to word connections; coherence relates to logical flow.

Vocabulary Understanding

The ability to grasp the meaning of words based on context.

Academic Language

Language used in scholarly writing that follows specific conventions.

Syntactic Structures

The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences.