Insulin/Glucagon- Corso

work in progress

What are normal blood glucose levels? (mg/ml)

a. 50-100

b. 70-110

c. 80-100

d. 70-80

c

Does insulin lower or raise blood glucose?

lower

Does glucagon lower or raise blood glucose?

raise

Alpha cells produce what hormone?

glucagon

Beta cells produce what hormone?

insulin

What hormone promotes the synthesis of glycogen in the liver?

insulin

What hormone promotes the synthesis of triglycerides in the liver and VLDL formation?

insulin

What hormone promotes gluconeogenesis?

glucagon

RIGHT after you eat a meal, what happens to glucose, insulin, and glucagon?

glucose- up

insulin- up

glucagon- down

What are 4 insulin counter regulatory hormones?

1. cortisol

2. EPI

3. NE

4. Glucagon

Excess sugar and amino acids in the blood cause a _______-osmotic state.

a. hyper

b. hypo

a

Excess lipids in the blood can cause ___________________.

atherosclerosis

When insulin is finally synthesized it is eventually packed into vesicles along with Zn++. What is the purpose of Zn++?

decrease osmotic pressure

Insulin is made by going from pre-pro-insulin to pro-insulin to insulin. What are the 2 components of pro-insulin?

• C-peptide

• A and B chains

Insulin is made by going from pre-pro-insulin to pro-insulin to insulin. What is cut off when converting from pro-insulin to insulin?

C-peptide

C-peptide is useful for measuring what?

average insulin that is released from pancreas

How is insulin released from the beta-cells?

• test question on this

1. glucose increases and goes into cell through GLUT2 transporter

2. Glucose is converted into ATP (glycolysis, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation)

3. Increased ATP shuts off K+ channels (results in depolarization of cell)

4. Depolarization of cell activates v-gated Ca++ channels

5. Ca++ causes vesicles containing insulin to leave the cell

HOW DO SULFONYLUREAS WORK ON INSULIN RELEASE?

• test QUESTION!!!!

block outward potassium channels

What are some symptoms of diabetes mellitus in general?

• hyperglycemia

• polyuria

• polydipsia

• weight loss

• non-enzymatic glycosylation of proteins

  • detected on Hgb

  • retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy

What are 2 tx options for diabetes? (we only have to know these 2)

• insulin injections (replacement therapy)

• sulfonylureas (block K+ channels)

What are the 3 types of diabetes? (just their names)

1. type 1

2. type 2

3. MODY

What causes type 1 diabetes and what is the result?

cause- autoimmune destruction of b-cells

effect- no insulin in blood

What type of diabetes is commonly known as insulin resistance and is due to a decreased response of insulin receptors?

type 2

Pts. with MODY have a decrease in what activity?

glucokinase

Insulin is necessary in ______________.

a. glycolysis

b. gluconeogenesis

a

Insulin promotes what steps of glycolysis?

1,3,10

When starving, the body will use what for energy instead of glucose?

fat (TGs/fatty acids)

When using fatty acids for energy when were starving, what energy molecule does it produce?

ketone bodies

When starving, the liver, muscle, brain, and kidney can all use ketone bodies for energy. Name one cell that can’t and HAS to use glucose.

red blood cells