U.S. History review 5-6

Nationalism

Strong pride and loyalty to the U.S.; after the War of 1812 it encouraged economic growth, stronger government policies, and bold foreign policy like the Monroe Doctrine.

How did nationalism influence U.S. domestic and foreign policy?

It pushed the U.S. to improve transportation, protect industry, and warn Europe to stay out of the Americas.

Henry Clay’s American System

A plan to strengthen the U.S. economy with a protective tariff, a national bank, and federal funding for roads/canals.

Purpose of the American System

To unify the economy and boost American manufacturing.

Monroe Doctrine

U.S. statement telling Europe not to interfere or colonize in the Americas.

Significance of the Monroe Doctrine

Showed U.S. power and confidence in the Western Hemisphere.

Adams-Onís Treaty

Treaty where Spain gave Florida to the U.S. and set a clear border.

Effects of the Adams-Onís Treaty

Increased U.S. territory and reduced tensions with Spain.

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Added Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state; banned slavery north of 36°30’.

Purpose of the Missouri Compromise

To keep the balance between free and slave states.

Jacksonian Democracy

Movement that expanded voting rights to all white men and increased political participation.

Corrupt Bargain

Election of 1824 deal where Adams became president and Henry Clay became Secretary of State; Jackson supporters called it corrupt.

Indian Removal Act

Law forcing Native Americans to move west so settlers could take their land.

Trail of Tears

Forced march of the Cherokee to Oklahoma; thousands died.

Nullification Crisis

Conflict where South Carolina claimed states could ignore federal laws like the Tariff of Abominations.

Bank War

Jackson’s attack on the National Bank; led to unstable banking and economic problems.

Manifest Destiny

Belief that Americans were destined to expand west across the continent.

Oregon Trail groups

Mountain Men explored and trapped; Missionaries spread religion; Settlers traveled for farmland and opportunity.

Causes of Texas Independence

Cultural conflicts with Mexico, desire for more self-rule, and disagreements over slavery.

Effects of Texas Independence

Helped lead to annexation by U.S. and later the Mexican-American War.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Ended the Mexican-American War; U.S. gained CA, NV, UT, AZ, NM, and more.

Gadsden Purchase

1853 purchase from Mexico for southern railroad route.

Effects of the Gold Rush

Major population growth, economic boom, and rapid California statehood.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival inspiring reform movements like abolition and temperance.

Temperance Movement

Movement to reduce or ban alcohol because it caused social and family problems.

Transcendentalists

Believed in individualism, nature, and simple living; included Emerson and Thoreau.

Utopian Communities

Attempts to create perfect societies; most failed due to conflict and money issues.

Life of Enslaved African Americans

Hard labor, abuse, no rights, and family separation.

Nat Turner

Enslaved preacher who led a rebellion; caused harsher slave laws.

Abolitionists like Douglass and Garrison

Douglass used speeches/writing; Garrison published The Liberator — both fought to end slavery.

Gag Rule

Law stopping Congress from discussing anti-slavery petitions.

Slavery in new territories debate

North and South argued if new states would be free or slave, increasing sectional tension.

Women’s Rights Restrictions

Women couldn’t vote, own much property, or participate equally in society.

Impact of other reform movements on women

Womens’ work in abolition/temperance helped them realize they lacked their own rights.

Mott and Stanton

Women who organized the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848.

Declaration of Sentiments

List of grievances about women’s inequality, especially lack of voting rights.

Early progress in women’s rights

Laws like the Married Women’s Property Act increased women’s property rights and activism.

Samuel Slater

Brought British factory technology to the U.S.; started industrialization.

Henry Clay

Senator behind the American System and major national compromises.

Missouri Compromise

1820 compromise balancing free and slave states.

Brigham Young

Leader of the Mormons who brought them to Utah.

Sam Houston

Leader of Texas independence; first president of Texas.

James K. Polk

Expansionist president who led the Mexican-American War.

Zachary Taylor

General in the Mexican-American War; became president.

Winfield Scott

U.S. general who captured Mexico City.

Frederick Douglass

Former slave and abolitionist speaker/writer.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Womens’ rights leader; helped write Declaration of Sentiments.

Married Women’s Property Act

Law allowing married women to own property.

Gag Rule

Banned Congress from discussing anti-slavery petitions.

Gadsden Purchase

Southern territory bought for a railroad.

Antonio López de Santa Anna

Mexican leader during the Texas Revolution and Mexican-American War.

Adams-Onís Treaty

Treaty giving Florida to the U.S.

Eli Whitney

Inventor of the cotton gin and interchangeable parts.

Nullification

Idea that states can reject federal laws.

Hartford Convention

Federalist meeting criticizing the War of 1812; weakened the party.

XYZ Affair

Conflict where French agents demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats.

American System

Clay’s plan with tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements.

Unitarian

Religious group focused on reason, morality, and belief in one divine being.

How did debate over the role of government lead to political parties?

Differences over federal vs. state power created Federalists and Democratic-Republicans.

What was the Monroe Doctrine and how effective was it?

A warning to Europe not to interfere in the Americas; effective with British support and became long-term policy.

How did Garrison and Douglass help abolition?

Garrison used his newspaper; Douglass used speeches and writings about his life as a former slave.

What was the Gadsden Purchase and why did the U.S. want it?

Land bought from Mexico in 1853 to build a southern transcontinental railroad.

How did the Texas Revolution lead to war with Mexico?

After Texas joined the U.S., border disputes with Mexico caused the Mexican-American War.