Myers Unit 1: Psychology's History and Approaces (copy)

Empiricisim

(def) The idea that knowledge comes from experience, and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge

Stanley Hall

(def)-founder of child psychology and evolutionary psychology

Structuralism

(def)An early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener ; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

Introspection

the examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes.

Functionalism

(def)An early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, flourism

Functionalism

(scenario)managers and leaders understand how various parts of the organization interact and contribute to its success. By analyzing how each department fulfills its specific functions and how these functions are interconnected, organizations can make improvements, optimize their operations, and adapt to changing circumstances effectively.

William James

(def)-psychologist and philosopher

a functionalist

Mary Whiton Calkins

(def)Self psychologist

First president of the American Psychological Association

Experimental psychology

(Def) the scientific study of behavior, motives, or cognition in a laboratory or other controlled setting in order to predict, explain, or influence behavior or other psychological phenomena.

Experimental psychology

(scenario)eating a big breakfast to see if it makes us feel more awake and ready for school.

Margaret Floy Washburn

(def)-first woman with a phd

-studied animal behavior and argued that animals' mental states should be studied alongside their behavior.

Sigmund Freud

(def)Founder of psychoanalysis →-neurologist

Behaviorism

(def)The view that psychology (1) should objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most psycholigsts agree with (1) but not (2)

Behaviorism

(scenario)When training an animal you may use this psychological theory to focus on observable behaviors, how they are learned through enviornmental stimuli, and their responses, to achieve the best resule

humanistic psychology

(def)A historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential

humanistic psychology

(scenario)Therapists and counselors emphasize personal growth, self acceptance, and the importance of fulling one needs for love

John B. Watson

(def)A behaviorist

B.F. Skinner

(def)A behaviorist

Carl Rogers

(def)-a humanistic psychologist

cognitive neuroscience

(def) Interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (studies brain activity underlying mental activity). Perception, thinking, memory, language

cognitive neuroscience

(scenario) Make a decision that results in a reward, activity level of dopamine neurons increases.

Psychology

(def) Science of behavior and mental processes (behavior⇒anything organism DOES) (mental⇒internal, subjective experience inferred from behavior)

nature-nurture issue

(def)The relative contribution experiences or genes play towards your development of psych traits/behaviorisms

nature-nurture issue

(scenario)Do boys like the color blue because they've been raised that way or do men have an innate drawn to the color blue

Ivan Pavlov

(def)behaviorist

Jean Piaget

(def)-Swiss psychologist

natural selection

(def)The principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will (in competition with other variation traits) most likely be passed o to seceeding generations

natural selection

(scenario)Beak characteristics of the finches were shaped by (this term). In environments where certain types of food were prevalent, finches with beaks better suited to exploiting those food sources had a survival advantage.

Charles Darwin

(def)evolutionary psychology

Natural selection, experimented with finches in the Galápagos Islands

Level of analysis

(def)The Levels of Analysis, often abbreviated to LOA, are the various ways of observation in psychology. The three main LOAs are biological, cognitive, and sociocultural.

biopsychosocial approach

(def)An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural viewpoints

biopsychosocial approach

(scenario)Imagine a patient who is experiencing chronic pain, such as lower back pain that has persisted for several months. To effectively address this issue, healthcare providers consider biological factors Ex: medical history, psychological factors ex: pain perception, and social factors Ex: lifestyle.

behavioral psychology

(def) Scientific study of observable behavior and its explanation by principles of learning

Simpler: Focuses on observable behavior and how they're shaped by experiences/consequences. Finding what triggers behavior

behavioral psychology

(scenario) A 5 year old places their hand on a hot stove and gets burned, going forward the child does not touch the stove top because the past experience showed it was harmful

(observable behavior + consequences)

biological psychology

(def) Scientific study of links between biological (genetic/hormonal) and psychological processes.

biological psychology

(scenario) Studying how the sensation of burning his hand traveled from his hand to his brain via pain messages.

Cognitive Psychology

(def)Study of mental processes used to store, encode, process, and retrieve info Basically everything that CONSCIOUSLY happens in the brain

Cognitive Psychology

(scenario)Scientist treating memory loss

(perceive, remember, learn, think, communicate).

evolutionary psychology

(def)Study of the evolution of behavior and mind using principles of natural selection.

evolutionary psychology

(scenario) Jealousy is a natural instinct of human emotions and maybe our ancestors used it as a way to keep other suitors away from their mates in order to reproduce.

psychodynamic psychology

(def)Study of how behavior is caused by unconscious drives/conflicts (can happen at anypoint, NOT just childhood.)

psychodynamic psychology

(scenario)Someone in their 40s nearly drowned/saw someone drowned then developed an unconscious fear of water.

social-cultural psychology

(def)The study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking

social-cultural psychology

(scenario)Conformity is a classic topic in this form of psychology that explores how people adjust their behavior or beliefs to align with those of a larger group, society, or culture. It highlights how social norms, group pressure, and cultural expectations can impact individual decisions and actions.

psychometrics

(def)The scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

psychometrics

(scenario)In a job application process an employer may apply personality tests, cognitive ability test, rle play scenarios, etc.

Basic research

(def)Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge baase

Basic research

(scenario)In studying fruit flies the goal is to gain a deeper understanding of the behavior of fruit flies. While this research may not have an immediate practical application, it adds to our fundamental knowledge of the species, which can be useful for broader studies in genetics, ecology, or evolutionary biology.

developmental psychology

(def)A branch of psychology thtstudis physical , cognitive, and social change throughout a lifespan

developmental psychology

(scenario)Infant development may be studied in this form of psychology

educational psychology

(def)The study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning

educational psychology

(scenario)Needs assessments, teacher training, and behavior management might be studied in this form of psychology

personality psychology

(def)The study of individuals' characteristics patterns that impair social functioning

personality psychology

(scenario)In applying this study, you may take a test to better understand your personality

social psychology

(def)The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

social psychology

(scenario)This form of psychology might aim to address issues related to prejudice, discrimination, and diversity

applied research

(def)Scientific study that aims to solv practical problems

Applied research

(scenario)Developing a new medical treatment for diabetes you usethir form of research with the intention of directly benefiting people with diabetes. You experiment with treatment, test the treatment, monitor the treatment, etc.

industrial-organizational psychology

(def)The application of psychology concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

industrial-organizational psychology

(scenario)This form of psychology is often applied in the context of employee selection and assessment, where organizations seek to hire and promote individuals who are the best fit for specific job roles.

human factors psychology

(def)A field of psychology allied with I/O psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

human factors psychology

(scenario)human factors psychologists might do research on a particular product that is used in a workplace, such as a screen interface used by workers at an electrical plant or healthcare professionals in a hospital.

counseling psychology

(def)A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being

Counseling Psyhology

(scenario)This branch of psychology often associated with therapy

clinical psychology

(def)A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

clinical psychology

(scenario)cognitive therapy, behavior therapy, developmental therapy, and psychoanalytic therapy.

Dorthea Dix

(def)-cognitive psychologist

psychiatry

(def)A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders ; practiced by physicians who are licensed to provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy

psychiatry

(scenario)Suppose a pharmaceutical company has developed a new antidepressant medication, and they want to determine its safety and efficacy in treating individuals with depression.

These principles are applied to assess the effectiveness and safety of a new antidepressant medication through a series of clinical trials.

positive psychology

(def)The scientific study of human flourishing with the goals of discovering strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

positive psychology

(scenario)These principles can be applied in the workplace, field of education, etc. to promote employee/student/etc. well-being and engagement:

community psychology

(def)A branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social enviornments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

community psychology

(scenario)This branch of psychology is applied to address the mental health needs of a community facing multiple challenges

Testing effect

(def)Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather han simply rereading information

Testing effect

(scenario)After testing yourself to prepare for an assessment student are more likely to retain the information as opposed to just rereading their notes.

SQR3

a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review

William Whundt

father of experimental psychology

His theory of structuralism utilizes introspection, or looking inward, to analyze mental experiences of human beings and break down consciousness to the most basic elements.