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Chapter 2: Origins and Development of Law Enforcement

Introduction

  • Development of formal policing systems

  • Changes when Industrial Revolution arrived

  • The emergence of modern professional police

Early Origins of Social Control

  • Lex Talionis

  • Code of Hammurabi

  • Vigiles (Vigilante)

Development of Formal Policing

  • 2200 BC: Code of Hammurabi standardizes laws and punishments in Babylon

  • 1340 BC: Nile River Police established in Egypt

  • 510 BC: Romans establish the Praetorian Guard and Urban Court

  • 27 BC: a Roman system of vigiles instituted by Emperor Augustus

  • 400-800: Law enforcement in England is based on traditional notions of individual justice and punishment

  • 899: The system of shires, hundreds, and tithes is established by Alfred the Great

  • 1285: The statute of Winchester establishes the watch and ward system in England

  • 1326: Justices of the peace first appointed by the kind of England

  • 1748: Founding of the Bow Street Runners in London

  • 1829: Creation of the London Metropolitan Police

Development of Formal Policing:

England--From tithing to Posse Comitatus

  • The King’s Peace

  • King’s subjects are his property

  • Shires and tithes

  • Constables and posses

  • Bow Street Runners

England--The Formal System of Policing

  • Sir Robert Peel

  • Peel’s Principles of Policing:"

    • The police must be reliable, effective, and structured in a military-like manner.

    • The police must be regulated by the government.

    • The police's effectiveness will be best demonstrated by the lack of crime.

    • It is crucial to spread crime news.

    • It is crucial to deploy police resources according to time and location.

    • Police officer needs full control of their emotions more than anything else because acting calmly and firmly requires more work than acting violently.

    • Look professional and presentable

    • The core of efficiency lies in the recruitment and training of qualified personnel.

    • Every police officer must be assigned a number for public safety.

    • The location of the police headquarters should be convenient for the public.

    • Police officers should be hired on a trial basis.

    • The need for a police record

  • Metropolitan Police Act (1829): Created a centralized, coordinated police system in England

  • Bobbies (1856): This refers to policemen

United States--Early Watch Systems

  • Justice of the Peace

  • Sheriff

  • Constables

  • Night Watch

  • Vigilante Committees

United States--Slave Patrols and Jim Crow Laws

  • Slave Codes

  • Slave Patrols were established in the mid-1740s

  • Precursors to modern police forces

  • Jim Crow Laws enacted in the 1880s

    • Plessy v. Ferguson: “Separate but equal”

    • Examples

      • Interracial Marriage: An African American and a white person are not allowed to get married

      • Restrooms: There must be separate restrooms at establishments and institutions for African American and white people

      • Sports: African Americans and white people must have separate teams.

Eras of American Policing

The Political Era (1840-1930)

  • Spoils System: When political party members will reward their supporters with government posts when they win the election.

  • Pendleton Act of 1883

    • It was created to abolish the spoils system and reduce corruption in the government.

    • Legalistic vs. Order Maintenance

      • Legalistic: This refers to policemen who give threats or actually arrest someone to control their behavior

      • Order Maintenance: When there is policing or regulating in a public area. For example, noise violations, public indecency, or public drinking.

  • Wickersham Commission 1929: This commission was enacted to find and solve problems in the criminal justice system.

    • For example, it was increasing crime rates or any issues in the juvenile system.

  • Women and Minorities

    • The first African American police officer served in Washington, D.C.

    • New Orleans was the first to actively recruit African Americans.

    • Los Angeles police department was the first to have a woman officer.

    • The 1960s was when women and minorities started taking equal roles in law enforcement.

Origins of the Reform Era

  • Faces of Reform: Early Leaders

    • August Vollmer--Father of Police Professionalism

    • O.W. Wilson--The protégé

    • J. Edgar Hoover--The FBI

Policing as a Profession

  • Replacement of patronage systems

  • Job security for administrators and leaders

  • Centralized policing and record keeping

Profession Criteria

  • An organized body of knowledge

  • Advanced study

    • In the 1960s High school degree was required

    • 1964 Law Enforcement Education Program: This was created to help educate more officers

    • National Institute of Justice: The research, development, and evaluation agency of the U.S. Department of Justice.

    • American Society of Criminology

  • Code of Ethics

    • Organizational value system

    • Accountability mechanisms

    • 1957 IACP Law Enforcement Code of Ethics and Police Code of Conduct

  • Prestige: The desire or admiration that makes a job seem worthwhile.

  • Standards of admissions

    • Character and background checks

    • Psychological testing

    • Requirements modified over time

  • Professional association

    • 1893- International Association of Chiefs of Police

    • 1915- International Association of Policewomen

    • Currently

      • Police Executive Forum

      • Police Foundation

      • Commission for the Accreditation of Law Enforcement Agencies

  • Service ideal

    • Crime Control

    • Community Service

    • Speed of response time

    • Incident handling efficiency

    • Police community relations

Measuring the Effectiveness of the Traditional Model of Policing

  • Traditional strategies

  • Police community relations

  • Rising crime rates

  • Uniform Crime Reports

    • Structure

      • Part I: Violent personal crimes

      • Part II: Property crimes

    • Crime Indices: Provide a view of the relative risk of specific crime types

    • Limitations

  • Dark Figure of Crime

    • Underreported crime

    • National Crime Victimization Survey

    • Only about 39% of crimes reported to the police

    • Limitations of NCVS

Chapter 2: Origins and Development of Law Enforcement

Introduction

  • Development of formal policing systems

  • Changes when Industrial Revolution arrived

  • The emergence of modern professional police

Early Origins of Social Control

  • Lex Talionis

  • Code of Hammurabi

  • Vigiles (Vigilante)

Development of Formal Policing

  • 2200 BC: Code of Hammurabi standardizes laws and punishments in Babylon

  • 1340 BC: Nile River Police established in Egypt

  • 510 BC: Romans establish the Praetorian Guard and Urban Court

  • 27 BC: a Roman system of vigiles instituted by Emperor Augustus

  • 400-800: Law enforcement in England is based on traditional notions of individual justice and punishment

  • 899: The system of shires, hundreds, and tithes is established by Alfred the Great

  • 1285: The statute of Winchester establishes the watch and ward system in England

  • 1326: Justices of the peace first appointed by the kind of England

  • 1748: Founding of the Bow Street Runners in London

  • 1829: Creation of the London Metropolitan Police

Development of Formal Policing:

England--From tithing to Posse Comitatus

  • The King’s Peace

  • King’s subjects are his property

  • Shires and tithes

  • Constables and posses

  • Bow Street Runners

England--The Formal System of Policing

  • Sir Robert Peel

  • Peel’s Principles of Policing:"

    • The police must be reliable, effective, and structured in a military-like manner.

    • The police must be regulated by the government.

    • The police's effectiveness will be best demonstrated by the lack of crime.

    • It is crucial to spread crime news.

    • It is crucial to deploy police resources according to time and location.

    • Police officer needs full control of their emotions more than anything else because acting calmly and firmly requires more work than acting violently.

    • Look professional and presentable

    • The core of efficiency lies in the recruitment and training of qualified personnel.

    • Every police officer must be assigned a number for public safety.

    • The location of the police headquarters should be convenient for the public.

    • Police officers should be hired on a trial basis.

    • The need for a police record

  • Metropolitan Police Act (1829): Created a centralized, coordinated police system in England

  • Bobbies (1856): This refers to policemen

United States--Early Watch Systems

  • Justice of the Peace

  • Sheriff

  • Constables

  • Night Watch

  • Vigilante Committees

United States--Slave Patrols and Jim Crow Laws

  • Slave Codes

  • Slave Patrols were established in the mid-1740s

  • Precursors to modern police forces

  • Jim Crow Laws enacted in the 1880s

    • Plessy v. Ferguson: “Separate but equal”

    • Examples

      • Interracial Marriage: An African American and a white person are not allowed to get married

      • Restrooms: There must be separate restrooms at establishments and institutions for African American and white people

      • Sports: African Americans and white people must have separate teams.

Eras of American Policing

The Political Era (1840-1930)

  • Spoils System: When political party members will reward their supporters with government posts when they win the election.

  • Pendleton Act of 1883

    • It was created to abolish the spoils system and reduce corruption in the government.

    • Legalistic vs. Order Maintenance

      • Legalistic: This refers to policemen who give threats or actually arrest someone to control their behavior

      • Order Maintenance: When there is policing or regulating in a public area. For example, noise violations, public indecency, or public drinking.

  • Wickersham Commission 1929: This commission was enacted to find and solve problems in the criminal justice system.

    • For example, it was increasing crime rates or any issues in the juvenile system.

  • Women and Minorities

    • The first African American police officer served in Washington, D.C.

    • New Orleans was the first to actively recruit African Americans.

    • Los Angeles police department was the first to have a woman officer.

    • The 1960s was when women and minorities started taking equal roles in law enforcement.

Origins of the Reform Era

  • Faces of Reform: Early Leaders

    • August Vollmer--Father of Police Professionalism

    • O.W. Wilson--The protégé

    • J. Edgar Hoover--The FBI

Policing as a Profession

  • Replacement of patronage systems

  • Job security for administrators and leaders

  • Centralized policing and record keeping

Profession Criteria

  • An organized body of knowledge

  • Advanced study

    • In the 1960s High school degree was required

    • 1964 Law Enforcement Education Program: This was created to help educate more officers

    • National Institute of Justice: The research, development, and evaluation agency of the U.S. Department of Justice.

    • American Society of Criminology

  • Code of Ethics

    • Organizational value system

    • Accountability mechanisms

    • 1957 IACP Law Enforcement Code of Ethics and Police Code of Conduct

  • Prestige: The desire or admiration that makes a job seem worthwhile.

  • Standards of admissions

    • Character and background checks

    • Psychological testing

    • Requirements modified over time

  • Professional association

    • 1893- International Association of Chiefs of Police

    • 1915- International Association of Policewomen

    • Currently

      • Police Executive Forum

      • Police Foundation

      • Commission for the Accreditation of Law Enforcement Agencies

  • Service ideal

    • Crime Control

    • Community Service

    • Speed of response time

    • Incident handling efficiency

    • Police community relations

Measuring the Effectiveness of the Traditional Model of Policing

  • Traditional strategies

  • Police community relations

  • Rising crime rates

  • Uniform Crime Reports

    • Structure

      • Part I: Violent personal crimes

      • Part II: Property crimes

    • Crime Indices: Provide a view of the relative risk of specific crime types

    • Limitations

  • Dark Figure of Crime

    • Underreported crime

    • National Crime Victimization Survey

    • Only about 39% of crimes reported to the police

    • Limitations of NCVS

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