Cell Division (PP #5)

mutation

_______ - change in the sequence of DNA nucleotides

no

Are mutations always a bad thing?

meiosis, mitosis

________ produces gametes, ________ produces cells for the rest of the body

more cells will have the mutation

What happens when a mutation occurs earlier in development?

the mutations can’t be passed on to offspring

What happens if mutations are showing up in cells that will never be apart of meiosis?

DNA replication

mutations can often occur during _____ _________, which occurs before mitosis and meiosis

transition mutation

________ ________ - purine replaced by a different purine; pyrimidine replaced by a different pyrimidine (HINT: mutation occurring at the DNA level)

transversion

__________ - purine replaced by a pyrimidine; pyrimidine replaced by a purine (HINT: mutation occurring at the DNA level)

2

How many rings do purines have?

1

How many rings do pyrimidines have?

histones

________ help compact the DNA

silent mutation

_______ ________ - triplet encodes same amino acid (HINT: mutation is occurring at the protein level)

synonymous mutation

_________ ________ - codon specifies different but functionally equivalent amino acid (HINT: mutation is occurring at the protein level)

synonymous mutations

________ ________ will not alter protein function in many cases

missense mutation

_______ _________ - codon specifies a different and nonfunctional amino acid (HINT: mutation is occurring at the protein level)

nonsense mutation

________ ________ - codon signals chain termination; changing from a regular codon to a termination codon (HINT: mutation is occurring at the protein level)

nucleic acids

RNA and DNA are both types of _______ _______

silent mutation

What is a type of neutral mutation?

silent mutation

_______ ______ - a base has been altered in an mRNA codon, but the new base still codes for the same amino acid

protein

when a gene mutation happens it means there was a change in one or more DNA bases, therefore, a new _______ can be produced

substition

_______ - the wrong base is matched (HINT: type of gene mutation)

insertion

_______ - an extra base (or bases) are added in (HINT: type of gene mutation)

deletion

_______ - a base is removed (HINT: type of gene mutation)

deletions, insertions

when it comes to gene mutations, ________ and ________ are considered especially dangerous because bases are read in groups of 3, so if the number of bases increasess/decrease, the total has changed and it might not read the right 3

duplication

________ - extra copies of genes are generated (HINT: type of chromosomal mutation)

deletion

________ - some of the genetic material breaks off (HINT: type of chromosomal mutation)

inversion

_______ - a broken chromosome segment gets inversed (reversed) and put back on the chromosome

translocation

_______ - a fragment from one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome (HINT: type of chromosomal mutation)

mitosis

________ - a type of cell division done by most of your body cells

chromatids

_______ - strands of replicated chromosome

null mutation

_______ ________ - results from proteins that are nonfunctional (ex. not the right shape, etc)

leaky mutation

______ _______ - the active site has a harder time binding to the substrate, so we are seeing less of the enzymatic result

meiosis

________ - a process that contributes to genetic variety, doesn’t make body cells, it makes sperm and egg cells (gametes)

prophase 1

What phase of meiosis does this describe:

• the chromosomes will condense and thicken, lining up with their homologous pairs

• crossing over occurs

homologous chromosomes

________ ___________ - chromosomes that are approximately the same size and contain the same type of genes in the same locations

crossing over

________ ______ - the chromosomes are lined up with their homologous pairs and are able to transfer their genetic information between each other

metaphase 1

What phase of meiosis does this describe:

• the chromosomes are in the middle, just like in mitosis, however, since the chromosomes are in pairs it’s not a single line

anaphase 1

What phase of meiosis does this describe:

• the chromosomes are pulled away by the spindle fibers

telophase 1

What phase of meiosis does this describe:

• there are two newly formed nuclei and meiosis 1 is ended with two new cells

cytokinesis

__________ follows telophase 1

prophase 2

What phase of meiosis does this describe:

no homologous pairs or crossing over, spindles are starting to form in each cell

metaphase 2

What phase of meiosis does this describe:

• the chromosomes are lined up in the middle, this time in a single line

anaphase 2

What phase of meiosis does this describe:

• the chromatids are pulled away by the spindle fibers

telophase 2

what phase of meiosis does this describe

• the nuclei reform, the two cells are ready to divide, creating 4 cells

cytokinesis

________ follows telophase 2

transition

What DNA level mutation is this image an example of?

transition

What DNA level mutation is this image an example of?

transversion

What DNA level mutation is this image an example of?

transverison

What DNA level mutation is this image an example of?

silent mutaiton

What protein level mutation is this image an example of?

synonymous mutation

What protein level mutation is this image an example of?

nonsense mutation

What protein level mutation is this image an example of?

unequal crossover

_______ ________ - sister chromatids are not lined up right during crossover, so they are not at the same nucleotide regions during cross over

translocation

_______ - crossover between not homologs

interstitial deletion

What type of chromosomal mutation is this?

terminal deletion

What type of chromosomal mutation is this?

duplication

What type of chromosomal mutation is this?

tandem duplication

What type of chromosomal mutation is this?

reverse duplication

What type of chromosomal mutation is this?

paracentric inversion

What type of chromosomal mutation is this?

pericentric inversion

What type of chromosomal mutation is this?

translocation

What type of chromosomal mutation is this?