Lab Practical 1 (april)

Scanning (red)

Objective magnification: 4x; ocular magnification: 10; Total magnification 40x (field diameter 4mm)

Low power (yellow)

Objective magnifcation: 10x; ocular magnification: 10; Total magnification 100x (field diameter 2mm)

High power (blue)

Objective magnification: 40x; ocular magnification10; Total magnification 400x (field diameter 0.4mm)

Oil lens

Objective magnification: 100x; ocular magnification: 10; total magnicfication: 1,000x

Total magnification equation

Ocular lens x objective lens

What is the working distance

Distance between stage and objective lens

Biological process depend on molecular catalysts called

Enzymes

What do enzymes do

Speed up the chemical reactions that are necessary for cell function

What are the basic components of an enzyme catalyzed reaction

Substrates, products, and the enzyme itself

Substrate

The molecule that is changed by the enzyme (each enzyme has a specific substrate)

Amylase

A different enzyme, breaks starch down into its building blocks, which are glucose molecules

What is a common misconception about enzymes

An enzyme is not changed nor destroyed or “used up” by a reaction

Active site

Where substrate molecules bind

After the enzyme substrate has formed, what do enzymes do

Enzymes speed up the reaction involving the substrate and releases the product molecules. They also speed the biosynthesis of biological molecules

Why is Energy of activation important

Because it tells you that it takes a certain amount of initial energy to start chemical reactions (enzymes work by lowering the energy of activation so that the reaction can get started)

Catecholase

Helps in the enzymatic browning process by oxidizing catechol compounds

Catechol

A colorless substrate

Benzoquinone

a reddish brown product of a reaction

Catechol + O2 ——> benzoquinone

What is the substrate, reactant, enzyme, and product of this reaction

Catechol is the substrate, 02 is the reactant, catecholase is the enzyme, benzoquinone is the product

How do you measure reaction rate

With time (rate=time)

What type, or class, of biomolecule is catecholase

Protein (enzyme ——> protein)

Should you use the same pipet for the water, enzyme, and substrate?

No, using separate pipers helps prevent contaminations and ensures accurate results.

How does enzyme concentration affect enzyme activity/rate of reaction

When you increase enzyme concentration, you increase the number of active sites available. This means more substrate molecules can bind at the same time, so the ROR increases.

How does temperature affect enzyme activity/rate of reaction

As temp increases, molecules move faster and collide more often. This causes the ROR to increase up to an optimal temperature. After the optimum, high temp denatures the enzyme (changes its shape). Once denatured, the active sites no longer fits the substrate, so the ROR drops fast and stops working.

Scientific method

A systematic process used to ask questions, make hypothesis, conduct experiments, and draw conclusions to understand how things work

Hypothetical-deductive method

Utilizes controlled experiments to answer questions

(Observe, question, state hypothesis, test, evaluation of hypothesis)

Controlled experiment

Only one variable is changed at a time while other variables are kept constant (ex: outside enviroment)

Independent variable

The factor that the experiment can control or change (what is being tested)

Dependent variable

This is really the result of the experiment. It is the factor which changes due to the independent variable (what is being measured)

Control group

A parallel experiment where the independent variable is left out (gets placebo pill)

Experimental group

The group that is being tested, contains the independent variable

Planes

Imaginary flat surfaces passing through the body

(Green) Divides into right and left parts. Mid _______ is the center line

Sagittal/midsagittal (median)

(Blue) splits into anterior and posterior parts

Coronal/frontal

(Red) separates into superior and inferior parts

Transverse/horizontal

Cephalic

Head

Cervical

Neck

Thoracic

Thoracic region (heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, aorta, vena cava. Protected by the rib cage)

Acromial

Shoulder

Axillary

Armpit

Brachial

Upper arm

Antebrachial

Forearm

Carpal

Wrist

Manual

Hand

Gluteal

Butt

Femoral

Front and back of thighs

Patellar

Anterior knee

Popliteal

Posterior knee

Crural

Shin (anterior lower leg)

Tarsal

Ankle

Pedal

Foot

Right hypochondriac

Right side, just below the ribcage. liver, gallbladder, right kidney, small portion of the intestines.

Epigastric

The upper central part of the abdomen, located just below the sternum and between the right and left hypochondriac regions. Contains part of the stomach, liver, pancreas, and duodenum.

Left hypochondriac

The upper left part of the abdomen, located just below the ribcage. Contains part of the stomach, spleen, left kidney, and portions of the pancreas and colon.

Right lumbar

The middle right section of the abdomen, located between the right hypochondriac regions and the right iliac region. Contains parts of the ascending colon, right kidney, and small intestines.

Umbilical

Belly button regions. Contains part of the small intestine, transverse colon, and blood vessels.

Left lumbar

The middle left part of the abdomen, located between the left hypochondriac and the left iliac region. Contains parts of the descending colon, left kidney, and small intestine.

Right iliac

The lower right part of the abdomen, located right above the hip. Contains the appendix, cecum, and parts of the small intestine.

Hypogastric

The lower central part of the abdomen, located just below the umbilical region. Contains parts of the urinary bladder, small intestine, and uterus.

Left iliac

The lower left part of the abdomen, located just about the left hip. Contains parts of the descending colon, sigmoid colon, and small intestine.

Superior

Above

Inferior

Below

Anterior

Towards the front

Posterior

Towards the back

Ventral

Belly

Dorsal

Back

Medial

Midline

Lateral

Peripheral (something that is outer edge or away from the center)

Deep

Inner core

Superficial

Surface of the body

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment or to the center of the body (ex: your shoulder is ______ to your hand because your hand is closer to where your arm attaches to your body)

Distal

Farther away from the point of attachment or center of the body. (Ex: your fingers are _____ to your elbow because they’re farther from where your arm connects to your body)

Prone

Face down

Supine

Face up

Cranial (cephalad)

Towards the head or upper part of the body (ex: the neck is _____ to the chest because it is closer to the head)

Caudal

Towards bottom

Anatomical position

Patient is upright, head and feet forward, arms at the side, palms facing forward

Doral Cranial cavity

Viscera: brain

Membranes: meninges

Dorsal vertebral (spinal) cavity

Viscera: spinal cord

Membrane: meninges

Ventral body cavity

Purpose: house internal organs involved in respiration, digestion, reproduction, etc.

Membrane type: serous membranes

Ventral thoracic cavity (pleural cavities)

Viscera: lungs

Membranes: visceral pleura (covers lungs); parietal pleura (lines chest walls)

Ventral thoracic cavity (pericardial cavity)

Viscera: heart

Membranes: visceral pericardium (covers heart); parietal pericardium (lines cavity)

Ventral abdominopelvic cavity

Lined with parietal peritoneum

Ventral abdominal cavity

Viscera: stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, small intestine, most of large intestines

Membrane: visceral peritoneum (covers organs); parietal peritoneum (lines cavities)

Ventral pelvic cavity

Viscera: urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum

Membranes: visceral peritoneum, parietal peritoneum

Brain is covered with

Meninges

Spinal cord is covered with

Meninges

Heart is covered by

Visceral pericardium (parietal pericardium lines the cavity)

Lungs are covered by

Visceral pleura (parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity)

Stomach is covered by

Visceral peritoneum

Liver is covered by

Visceral peritoneum

Gallbladder is covered by

Visceral peritoneum (located on the underside of the liver)

Small intestine is covered by

Visceral peritoneum

Large intestine is covered by

Visceral peritoneum

Appendix is covered by

Visceral peritoneum

Urinary bladder is covered by

Visceral peritoneum (superior surface)

Kidneys are covered by

Retroperitoneal (only partially covered by peritoneum on the anterior side)

Visceral

Covers the Oran

Parietal

Lines the cavity

Retroperioneal

Kidneys (Torwards the back)=