Microbio Species

Spirochaetes

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* Hydrobacteria
* Have axial filaments instead of flagella. They are microaerophilic and slow-growing. They are shaped like a corkscrew.
* Gram negative
* Ex: Treponema pallidum: causes syphilis, sexually transmitted

Cyanobacteria

* Terrabacteria.


* Chloroplasts came from these. Oxygenic photosynthesis with aerobic lifestyle. They are capable of nitrogen fixation.
* Phycobilisomes: light harvesting antenna. (not membrane bound)
* Can produce cyanotoxins.
* Gram negative

Pseudomonas (genus)

* Gram -
* Sp. Pseudomonas aeruginosa - A human opportunistic pathogen: infects airways, urinary tract, buns, wounds, blood infection
* Sp. Pseudomonas syringae - water in host plants freeze at night. artificial snow

Staphylococcus (genus)

* Gram +
* Round cells, grape-like clusters. Common in soil, many are pathogens.
* Sp. S aureus - Localized or disseminated skin infections
* Can secrete exotoxins

Streptococcus

* Gram +
* Sp. S. pyrogens - mild skin infections / necrotizing fascitis
* Sp. S. pneumoniae - pneumococcal infection
* Sp. S. sanguinis - dental caries, endocarditis
* Sp. S. thermophiles - dairy products

Mycoplasma

* A.k.a Tenericutes
* Resistant to penicillin. susceptible to osmotic stress. Detergents. Facultative anaerobic. Rely on the host bc their citric acid cycle is incomplete
* (neither gram +/-, no cell wall)
* Sp. M. pneumoniae - severe atypical pneumonia
* Sp. M. genitalium -genital infection

Clostridium

* Gram +
* Sp. C. perfringens/C. histolyticum - invasive species, exotoxin producers, also produce many extracellular hydrolyses. Necrosis, Gas gangrene
* Sp. C. tetani - low invasively; produces toxin-tetanospasmin - Tetanus: painful muscular spasms, respiratory failure
* Sp. C. botulinum - Botulism: ingestion with food - toxin causes flaccid paralytic disease. the most potent toxin.

Bacillus

* Gram +
* Sp. B. subtilis - non-pathogenic. industrial application: protease and amylase
* Sp. B. cereus - food poisoning
* Sp. B. anthracis - anthrax. affects all mammals. Pasteur developed vaccine.
* Sp. B. thuringiensis - Bt toxin: kills insects! used in making Bt-producing GMO crops (corn)

Listeria

* Gram +
* Sp. L. monocytogenes -foodborne pathogen. Causes meningitis in newborns.

Vibrio

* Gram -
* Sp. V. Cholerae - Cholera: exotoxin, spreads with contaminated water
* , shaped

Salmonella

* Gram -
* Sp. S. enterica Sbsp. enterica-
* Enteritis: Contaminated food. Intestinal inflammation.
* Typhoid fever. Endotoxins act on the vascular and nervous system. Increased permeability and decreased tone of the blood vessels. Upset thermal regulation, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Actinobacteria (Actinomycetota)

* gram +
* 3 classes: Actinomycetales, Frankiales, Bifidobacteria
* Family: Streptomycetaceae
* 5 genus: Nicorida, Corynebacterium, C. dipheriae, Mycobacterium, Frankiales, Bfidobacteria

Mycobacterium

* Aerobic bacteria
* Pathogens: M. tuberculosis, M. leprae (leprosy)
* Thick cell wall (hydrophobic: mycolate layer + peptidoglycan layer). Low growth rate

Chlamydiae

* Gram - (no peptidoglycan wall)
* Steals ATP from host cell
* Sp. C. trachomatis - eye disease and sexually transmitted chlamydia
* Sp. C. pneumoniae- pneumonia
* Sp. C.-phila psicarri- psittacosis (birds with white coats)

Bacteroidetes

* Gram -
* B. ruminicola - ferments starch and pectin in rumen, produces hydrogen gas and CO2
* B. fragilis - causes infection if in bloodstream

The six main groups of Eukaryotes

* Excavata
* Euglena
* Giardia
* SAR
* Diatoms
* Dinoflagellates
* Archeaplastida
* Plants
* green + red algae
* Amorphea
* Amoebozoa: amoeba, slime molds
* Holozoa: animals, relatives
* Nucletmycetea: fungi, relatives

The diversity of Alveolata, including details of one microbe infecting humans

* Eukaryotes belonging to the TSAR group and they include ciliates (such as Paramecium) and Apicomplexa.


* Toxoplasma (from alveolata, apicomplexa) is a human pathogen that is commonly transmitted by cat fecal matter to humans. It causes fevers and muscle pain and can damage the central nervous system. For pregnant women toxoplasmosis can be fatal for the fetus.

An important Excavata pathogen or parasite (choose from Trypanosoma, Leishmannia)

* Leismannia cause Leishmaniasis. The vector for this pathogen are sand flies.


* Trypanosoma: T. brucei or T. cruzi.
* T. brucei: fatal human sleeping disease. Vector: tse-tse fly
* T. cruzei: Chagas disease. Vector: kissing bugs.

Main groups of Ascomycota

* Pezizomycota
* Black yeast
* Lichens
* Truffles (Tuber spp.)
* Morels (Morchella spp.)
* Erhot fungi (LSD) etc


* Taphrimycota
* Schizosaccahromyces pombe
* Taphrina
* Saccharomycetota
* Saccharomyces ceravisiae
* Candida

Filoviridae

* -ssRNA virus
* Ebola virus (bat reservoir)
* Marburg virus

Paramyxoviridae

* -ssRNA virus
* Measles virus (diarrhea, ear infection, pneumonia)
* Mumps virus

Orthomyxoviridae

* -ssRNA virus
* Influenza virus
* Influenza virus A: infects humans, other mammals, and birds, andcauses all flu pandemics
* Influenza virus B: infects humans and seals
* Influenza virus C: infects humans, pigs, and dogs
* Influenza virus D: infects pigs and cattle

HIV

* Retrovirus
* ssRNA-RT
* Caused AIDS (immunodeficiency syndrome)

Coronaviridae

* +ssRNA
* Includes SARS-CoV-2, SARS, and MERS
* SARS: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (from bats, no cases since 2004)
* MERS: Middle East respiratory syndrome (from bats)
* SARS-CoV-2: Easy transmission, Asymptomatic transmission

SARS-CoV-2 structure

* +ssRNA
* four structural proteins:
* S (spike), E (envelope), M (membrane), and N (nucleocapsid) proteins

Flaviviridae

* -ssRNA
* Ebola (zika) virus


* Vector is mosquito

Poxviruses

* dsDNA
* Variola virus - smallpox
* Vaccina virus - Active constituent of the vaccine for smallpox
* Cowpox virus - The first smallpox vaccine by Jenner

Herpesviruses

* dsDNA
* HSV-1 (herpes simplex virus 1) - orolabial herpes
* HSV-2 (herpes simplex virus 2) - genital herpes
* varicella zoster virus: chickenpox and shingles
* Lipid envelope

Chytridiomycota

* Bd fungus: which is responsible for the worldwide decline of amphibians.
* Synchytrium fungus: which is responsible for warts on potatoes.

Main groups of Basidiomycota

* Agarymycotina:
* tremellomycetes (jelly fungi)
* agaricomycetes (mushrooms, puffballs, polypores).
* Includes edible species, species used in fungiculture and toxic species.


* Puccinomycota: plant rust. Complicated life cycle.
* Ustilaginomycotina: smut fungi. Corn smut is edible.
* Includes malassezia which can infect humans and cause hypo or hyperpigmentation on skin. It is yeast-like in nature.

Reproduction of molds

* Asexual reproduction: by vegetative spores (conidia), through mycelial fragmentation, or through budding/fission in yeasts.
* Deuteromycota: only able toreproduce asexually

Sexual reproduction of molds

* Have mating types (heterothallic fungi)
* hyphae of two colonies fuse together
* some do not (homothallic fungi).
* Ascomycota use hooks

Spore dispersal

* Puffballs- mechanical dispersal
* bird's nest fungi - use falling water drops
* stinkhorn- Attract insects for disperal

Aspergillosis

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* Invasive pulmonary disease. Immunosupressed individuals are susceptible. The fungus grew drug resistanve bc of the use of “azoles” pesticide. There are several types of aspergillosis.
* Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: Aspergillus causes cavities in lungs

Blastomycosis

* Normally Blastomyces dermatitidis decomposes dead vertabrates. Some species are becoming pathogenic. Yeast infection that is similar to flu or pulmonary infection.

Histoplasmosis

* Histoplasmosis- Skin infections. Associated with the droppings of a bird species and bats.

Cryptococcosis

* Cryptococcal meningitis, encephalitis, Pulmonary cryptococcosis. Can survive intracellularly in macrophages. Most infections originally affceted HIV patients.

Candidiasis

* Yeasts, many species also for pseudohyphae. Opportunistic pathogens that may infect mucosae or even cause bloodstream infection. Some may live in humans without causing symptoms.

Coccidiosis

* Yeast infectious form. Valley fever (a type of pneumonia). May also disseminate and cause skin infections. Creates a mass that can mimic lung tumor.

Species of microbes utilized in biotechnology, their importance

* Actinobacteria: Streptomyces
* Complex secondary metabolism, useful in biotechnology
* Can produce Antibiotics: neomycin, streptomycin.