HPRO 3250 MINERALS

What are the major functions of calcium?

Bone structure mainly

- blood clotting

- nerve impulse transmission

- muscle contraction

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

Calcium

Y/N: does testing calcium in the blood indicate status of calcium in the body?

NO

T/f: there is tight homeostatic control of calcium in the blood

true

the thyroid gland secretes more calcitonin which:

inhibits calc release from the bones

what does the parathyroid hormone do? (3)

1. stims calcium release from the bone

2. stims calcium reabsorption by kidneys

3. activates vitamin D results in increased intestinal absorption from your diet

which hormone is responsible for lowering blood calcium levels?

calcitonin

which annual incidence of injury is the largest between stroke, breast cancer, heart attack and osteoporotic fracture

osteoporotic fracture

what is osteoporosis?

poor bone density and structure, bones break with "low energy" input

osteoporosis causes

lack of bone accrual during growth

bone loss with age or medications

risk factors that can lead to osteoporosis

lack of loading (weights),

poor nutrition,

genetics,

smoking, being a female

what percent of osteo hip fractures result in death?

30%

When is calcium retention maximal in adolescent girls?

1300mg/d

T/F if calcium supplementation is not maintained, you will at first gain bone mineral density, but it will be transient

True

Impact exercise is good for_____

bone mineral density

When is calcium retention maximal in adolescent boys?

1140mg/d

when is 90% of peak bone density achieved

age 18-20

What are some calcium food sources

- milk and dairy products

- fortified foods (ex: orange juice, waffles, soy drinks)

- bones in canned fish

- green vegetables (must eat lots)

- tofu (only if "Ca processed")

What are some factors that increase the risk of low bone strength

- high sodium intake (Na in, Ca out)

- phytate (wheat, bran, beans, seeds, nuts, soy isolates)

- oxalate (rhubarb, beets, okra, spinach...)

- fluoride

Exercise for bones should be:

fast and dynamic

What are some examples of exercise for bones

- jumping (high impact)

- soccer (odd directional loading)

- rapid loading, not slow of isometric (weight training)

How many mg of calcium does the average young adult woman need per day

1000

What interferes with calcium absorption

phytates and oxalates

spinach contains notable amounts of calcium and ___ the latter nutrient of ____

oxalate, increase

T/F most Canadians consume more than enough P but less than the UL

True, it is not a nutrient of concern

Seeds and grains store P as

Phytate

We need ____ (enzyme) to digest phytate

phytase

Total body strores of Fe for men

600-1000mg

Total body stores of Fe for Women

200-300mg

T/F the body recycles little of the iron it gets

False - it recycles most

What are the storage forms of iron found mostly in the liver

ferritin and hemosiderin

Most iron is transported as ____ and transferred to red blood cells

transferrin

What is the best mirror of iron status in the body

ferritin

how many cups of kale are needed to meet the calcium requirement for a teenaged y/o woman? (180 mg/cup)

A. 4

B. 5

C. 6

D. 7

D. 7

which mineral is the second most abundant in the body next to calcium?

phosphorus

T/F: phosphorus helps to form parts of DNA and RNA

true

is phosphorus a component of ATP?

yes (adenoseine triPHOSPHATE)

what is the most readily absorbed type of iron?

heme iron

what food sources can nonheme iron be found in?

plant-based foods

what 3 minerals decrease iron absorption?

calcium and phosphorus, phytates

what is a less readily absorbed type of iron?

nonheme iron

what food sources can heme iron be found in?

fish, meat poultry

T/F: Phosphorus helps maintain a normal pH

true

what are the main functions of iron in the body?

oxygen transport and cofactor for enzymes, brain and immune function

T/F: phosphorus helps to form bones and teeth

true

how many cups of skim milk are needed to meet the calcium requirement for a 25 y/o woman? (325 mg/cup)

A. 1

B. 2

C. 3

D. 4

E. 5

F. 6

C. 3

why is protein important to bone formation

creates a strong matrix and collagen

examples of non-fortified calcium based foods

dairy, canned fish, kale, collards, broccoli

examples of fortified calcium based foods

orange juice, soy drinks, milk, vit D supplements

__% of women die within a year of hip fracture

28%

what does calcium actually form in bones?

hydroxyapatite (bone mineral)

why is vitamin D important to bone structure?

preserves calcium in the skeleton

__% of men die within a year of hip fracture

37%

is calcium absorption inversely proportional?

YES (if you have good Ca status you will absorb less from food, but if youre low on Ca you'll absorb more)

what are the calcium DRIs for adolecents, adults younger than 50 and adults older than 50?

adolescents: 1300mg/d

<50: 1000 mg/d

>51: 1200 mg/d

UL: 2500mg/d

teeth are formed by ___?

hydroxyapatite on collagen matrix to create dentin

What does dentin do?

gives strength to teeth

T/F osteoporotic hip fractures consume much less hospital bed days than stroke, diabetes, or heart attack

false

What does fluoride do for teeth?

it hardens and stabilizes the crystals of teeth and makes enamel resistant to decay

T/F osteoporosis is more common than heart attack, stroke, and breast cancer combined

True

parathyroid hormone and its functions work to achieve normal:

blood calcium

T/F prevention of osteoporosis is the primary function of calcium

true

Why are bones important for calcium?

they serve as a bank that can release calcium into fluids as needed

T/F there is not a constant turnover in bone formation and bone resorption

false

Where is calcium stored

99% in the bones and teeth

what can a deficiency in iron lead to?

anemia and profound fatigue

babies are born with enough iron for ___ months

6

what are the main causes of iron-deficient anemia?

1. physiological state (pregnancy or being a child)

2. blood loss

3. poor intake

4. poor absorption

GERD stands for:

gastroesophageal reflux disease

GI stands for:

gastrointestinal

PPI stands for

proton pump inhibitor

what are some mental symptoms of anemia?

clumsiness, hyperactivity, irritability, learning disorders or lowered IQ, lack of appetite

what is an overload of iron called?

Hemochromatosis

what can hemochromatosis cause?

liver disease, premature death