AP world history modern chapter 13

Islam

A monotheistic religion that originated in the 7th century CE in the Arabian Peninsula.

Arabian Peninsula

A region that served as a hub for trade, connecting Africa, Europe, and Asia.

Muhammad

The founder of Islam, born around 570 CE in Mecca, who became a successful merchant.

Spiritual Transformation

Muhammad's awakening at age 40 after a revelation from the angel Gabriel, marking the start of his prophetic mission.

Quran

The holy book of Islam, believed to be the word of God revealed to Muhammad over 23 years.

Persecution of Muhammad

Early opposition from Meccan leaders who saw his teachings as a threat to their status.

Hijra

Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE, marking the start of the Islamic calendar.

Umma

A cohesive community of Muslims in Medina, emphasizing unity and social justice.

Seal of the Prophets

The belief that Muhammad is the final prophet in Islam, concluding the line of prophetic messages.

Five Pillars of Islam

The foundational acts of worship in Islam, including Shahada, Salah, Zakat, Sawm, and Hajj.

Islamic Law (Sharia)

A system of guidelines derived from the Quran and Hadith governing daily life and legal matters for Muslims.

Spread of Islam

The rapid expansion of Islam beyond the Arabian Peninsula to the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Europe and Asia.

Caliphs

Leaders who succeeded Muhammad after his death, starting with Abu Bakr.

Sunni vs

The split in Islam over leadership succession; Sunnis favor elected leaders, while Shia support leadership within Muhammad's family.

Umayyad Capital

The Umayyad Caliphate established its capital in Damascus, Syria.

Umayyad Rule

Focused on military conquests and administrative efficiency, often prioritizing Arab supremacy.

Abbasid Dynasty

Succeeded the Umayyads, promoting inclusivity and cultural flourishing.

Abbasid Capital

The Abbasids moved their capital to Baghdad, a center of learning and culture.

Administrative Techniques

The Abbasids adopted bureaucratic practices from the Persian Empire.

Abbasid Decline

Resulted from internal strife, political fragmentation, and economic challenges.

Agricultural Exchange

The expansion of Dar al Islam introduced new crops like rice, sugar, and citrus fruits.

New Crops

Enhanced food security and economic prosperity in the Islamic world.

Rice

The most important new crop due to its high yield and adaptability.

Camel Caravans

Used by Muslims for overland trade, capitalizing on camels' endurance in deserts.

Maritime Travel

Muslims utilized advanced sailing ships and navigational tools like astrolabes and compasses.

Sakk

A financial instrument representing a check or promissory note facilitating trade.

Al-Andalus

Islamic Spain, known for its cultural and intellectual vibrancy during the medieval period.

Women's Status

Improved through Quranic provisions for rights in marriage, inheritance, and education.

Sufis

Islamic mystics focused on achieving direct experiences of God, playing a key role in spreading Islam.

Cultural Influences

Persia, India, and Greek philosophy significantly shaped early Islamic governance, thought, and intellectualism.