Comprehensive Review of Animal and Plant Reproduction, Respiratory, Circulatory, and Homeostasis Systems

What is sexual reproduction?

A reproductive process that requires two parents to produce offspring.

What is the significance of gene combination in sexual reproduction?

It increases the chances of species variation, making extinction less likely.

What is fertilization?

The union of egg and sperm cells, which can occur internally or externally.

What is external fertilization?

A type of fertilization where the union of egg and sperm occurs outside the female reproductive tract.

Which species commonly use external fertilization?

Most species of bony fish and amphibians.

What is internal fertilization?

A type of fertilization where the union of egg and sperm occurs within the female reproductive tract.

What is oviparity?

A reproductive strategy where fertilized eggs develop outside the mother's body.

What is ovoviviparity?

A reproductive strategy where eggs develop inside the mother and are fully developed at birth.

What is viviparity?

A reproductive strategy where embryos develop inside the mother and receive nourishment directly from her blood.

What are the advantages of internal fertilization?

Higher chance of gamete fusion, better protection for the zygote, and reduced desiccation risk.

What are the disadvantages of internal fertilization?

Requires effort for mating, higher risk of sexually transmitted diseases, and limited offspring production.

What are the advantages of external fertilization?

Large number of offspring can be produced with less effort.

What are the disadvantages of external fertilization?

Lower chance of survival due to environmental hazards and no guarantee of fertilization.

What is pollination in flowering plants?

The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower.

What are the two types of pollination?

Self-pollination and cross-pollination.

What is self-pollination?

Pollination that occurs within the same flower.

What is cross-pollination?

Pollination that occurs between different flowers.

What is the role of the carpel in flowering plants?

It is the female reproductive part, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.

What is the role of the stamen in flowering plants?

It is the male reproductive part, including the anther and filament.

What is the primary function of the human respiratory system?

To take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide.

What are the main organs of the respiratory system?

The lungs.

What is the function of alveoli?

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs.

What is breathing?

The process of inhaling and exhaling air, part of gas exchange.

What are the two phases of breathing?

Inhalation (taking in air) and exhalation (giving out air).

What structures are involved in the mechanism of breathing?

The chest cavity, diaphragm, and ribs.

What is the composition of the chest cavity?

It is composed of 12 pairs of ribs, with 10 attached to the backbone and sternum, and intercostal muscles between them.

What is the function of the diaphragm?

It is an elastic tissue that separates the chest cavity from the abdomen and controls the volume of air in the lungs.

What happens during inhalation?

The diaphragm contracts and flattens, external intercostal muscles contract, and the ribs move upwards and outwards, increasing lung volume.

What occurs during exhalation?

The diaphragm relaxes and arches upwards, internal intercostal muscles contract, and the ribs move downwards and inwards, decreasing lung volume.

What is the role of atmospheric pressure in breathing?

Higher atmospheric pressure allows air to enter the lungs, while lower pressure allows air to move out.

What type of blood enters the lungs?

Deoxygenated blood, which has a low concentration of oxygen and a high concentration of carbon dioxide.

What is the process of gas exchange in the lungs?

Oxygen from the alveoli diffuses into the blood capillaries, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.

What maintains the oxygen-carbon dioxide concentration gradient in the lungs?

A continuous flow of blood through the capillaries and the movement of air in and out of the alveoli.

What is the circulatory system also known as?

The cardiovascular system.

What is circulation?

The movement of blood through the vessels of the body induced by the pumping action of the heart.

What is pulmonary circulation?

The movement of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.

What is systemic circulation?

The movement of blood from the heart to the rest of the body, excluding the lungs.

What are the three major parts of the circulatory system?

Heart, blood vessels, and blood.

What is the function of arteries?

They carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the cells, tissues, and organs.

What is the function of veins?

They carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

What is the role of capillaries?

They are the smallest blood vessels where gases and nutrients are exchanged.

What is the size of the human heart compared to?

It is about the same size as a person's fist.

What are the four chambers of the heart?

Two atria (upper chambers) and two ventricles (lower chambers).

What is the function of the atria?

They receive blood from the body and lungs.

What is the function of the ventricles?

They pump blood to the lungs and the rest of the body.

What prevents backflow of blood in the heart?

Valves that control the one-way flow of blood.

What is the tricuspid valve?

A valve composed of three flaps between the right atrium and right ventricle.

What is the pulmonary valve?

A valve found between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.

What is the aortic valve?

A valve found between the left ventricle and the aorta.

What is the bicuspid valve?

A valve composed of two flaps between the left atrium and left ventricle.

What is the function of the superior vena cava?

It carries deoxygenated blood from the head, neck, and arms to the heart.

What is the function of the inferior vena cava?

It carries deoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body to the heart.

What is the function of the pulmonary artery?

It carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

What is the function of pulmonary veins?

They carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

What is the function of the aorta?

It carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body.

How many quarts of blood does an average adult body contain?

About five quarts.

How many times does the heart circulate the body's blood supply each day?

About 1,000 times.

How far would all the blood vessels in the body stretch if joined end to end?

62,000 miles or two and a half times around the earth.

What is the daily blood pumping capacity of the heart?

5,000 to 6,000 quarts of blood.

What are the three major types of blood vessels?

Arteries, veins, and capillaries.

What is the structure of arteries?

Thick muscular walls with much elastic tissue.

What type of blood do veins carry?

Deoxygenated blood (except for pulmonary veins which carry oxygenated blood).

What is the function of capillaries?

Link arteries to veins and facilitate the exchange of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

What is blood?

A fluid tissue consisting of different cells.

What is the main component of blood plasma?

90% water, along with proteins, minerals, salts, hormones, and wastes.

What is the lifespan of red blood cells (RBC)?

3-4 months.

What is the role of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

It enables red blood cells to transport oxygen from the lungs to the cells.

What determines blood type?

The antigen present in red blood cells.

What is the universal donor blood type?

Blood Type O.

What is the function of white blood cells (WBC)?

To keep the body healthy by fighting diseases.

What are the two main types of white blood cells?

Lymphocytes and phagocytes.

What is the function of blood platelets?

Responsible for blood clotting.

What is homeostasis?

The ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment.

What are the two types of feedback regulation loops?

Negative Feedback Loop and Positive Feedback Loop.

What is an example of a negative feedback loop?

A rise in body temperature triggers a response to lower it.

What happens in a positive feedback loop during childbirth?

Contractions increase in strength and frequency until the baby is born.

What is the role of the nervous system in homeostasis?

To control the relative constancy of the internal environment.

What is the role of the endocrine system in homeostasis?

To secrete hormones that regulate body activities.

What is the difference between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?

Oxygenated blood is bright red and carries oxygen; deoxygenated blood is dark red and lacks oxygen.

What is the function of antibodies in the blood?

To detect harmful substances in the body.

What happens if incompatible blood types are mixed?

Agglutination occurs, leading to clotting.

What is the significance of antigens in blood transfusions?

Antigens determine compatibility between donor and recipient blood types.

What is the role of lymphocytes?

To produce antibodies that neutralize bacteria and viruses.

What is the primary function of phagocytes?

To ingest foreign particles such as bacteria.