chapter 14- chem 30

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akane

alkane- what type of bonds?

single

are alkanes saturated?

yes- each carbon is bonded to as many other atoms as possible

are alkanes aliphatic compounds?

yes

aliphatic compounds

contain no benzene ring

general formula for alkanes

CnH2n+2

homologous series

any set of molecules that differ by one specific unit- ik CH2. Alkanes form homologous series

do some practice about modelling and naming alkanes

find questions in notes/textbook (pg 549, 550)

physical properties of alkanes

gas at standard temps, LDF acts on them, boiling points of small alkanes are below 25 degrees celsius, as length of the carbon chain increases- intermolecular force become stronger and medium length are liquid at standard temp, very long ones are waxy solids, not soluble in water

identify this

alkene

are alkenes aliphatic?

yes

practice drawing and naming in textbook (pg 554,555)

in textbook

physical properties of alkenes

non-polar and do not dissolve in water. First 3 alkenes are gasses at standard temp, intermediate sized ones are liquids, boiling points are slightly lower than alkanes.

general formula for alkene

CnH2n

what type of bond- alkenes

double

identify this

alkyne

are alkynes aliphatic?

yes- they lack a benzene ring

what type of bond is in an alkyne

triple

general formula for alkynes

CnH2n-2

are alkynes and alkenes saturated or unsaturated?

they are both unsaturated

practice naming and drawing alkynes (pg 556,557)

in textbook

physical properties of alkynes

non-polar, insoluble in water, the first few are gases, alkynes have higher boiling points than their corresponding alkanes and alkenes. the linear structure of them, and the triple bond cause them to attack one another more strongly than alkenes and alkanes,l so it takes more energy to overcome the forces.

identify

cyclic hydrocarbon

are cyclic hydrocarbons aliphatic

yes- lacking a benzene ring

properties of cyclic hydrocarbons

can be alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, they are non-polar, they form rings

practice naming and drawing (559,560)

in text

identify this

aromatic hydrocarbon

aromatic hydrocarbons

derived from a benzene ring, have intense aromas, benzene is liquid at standard temp, similar boiling points to the aliphatic hydrocarbons of the same length.

practice naming and drawing (pg 562)

textbook

identify

alcohol

alcohols

hydrocarbon derivative that contains an -OH. small alcohols are polar. as the hydrocarbon chain becomes longer, the non-polar characteristics make them insoluble in water. boiling points of pure alcohols are much higher than the alkanes. all straight chain alcohols with fewer than 12 carbons are liquid at standard temp.

identify this

alkyl halide

alkyl halides

Hydrocarbons that contain at least one halogen atom.

practice alkyl halides (569,

in textbook

identify this

carboxylic acid

carboxylic acids

contains a carboxyl group- COOH. very polar, boiling points much higher than other hydrocarbon derivatives. Short chain- liquids, longer are waxy solids. Soluble in water (1-4 carbons), less soluble (5-9), insoluble (10+) Weak acids.

practice naming and drawing carboxylic acids (570)

text

identify this

ester

practice naming and drawing esters (572)

text

ester physical properties

the C=O group makes them somewhat polar, but without the OH they cannot form H bonds. Boiling point lower than corresponding alcohols, and carboxylic acids. Smaller esters are liquids at standard temp, and longer chains are waxy solids. Esters with 4 or less carbons are soluble, any more is not. volatility allows them to generate aromas.