final exam apk2100c ahlgren UF PART 1

cells

smallest living units in the body

cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm

three main structural components of any cell

function o plasma memrane

-protective barrier

-cellular communication via receptor proteins

-regulates movements on substances in and out

fluid mosaic model

describes the dynamic nature of the cell membrane and its fluidity;

-bilayer of lipid molecules with embedded proteins

-tails line up end to end

-most abundant lipids are phospholipids (polar head, nonpolar tail), but theres cholesterol, glycolipisds, and diff kinds of proteins which help with memrane transport

Phospholipids

what makes up most of the plasma memrane

Cholesterol

structural integrity of the plasma memrane thats in the lipid tails of bilayer

Glycolipids

assist in cell recognition and adhesion to other cells and is found in the outermost layer of bilayer

desmosomes, tight junctions, gap junctions

three kinds of membrane junctions

Tissue

group of cells that perform similar function + extracellular matrix

extracellular matrix

component of a tissue that gives it its consistency

-provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells

-includes: proteins, minerals, salts, lipids

Epithelium

primary tissue that COVERS body surfaces and LINES body cavities

-its cells are arranged in sheets,

-also forms glands

connective tissue

primary tissue

-form and function vary widely but all of these contain a large amount of extracellular matrix

-function: *support, holding tissue fluid, protection from disease*

muscle tissue

consists of myocytes

-*brings about most kind of body movements*

nervous tissue

forms the main component of the nervous organs (brain, spinal cord, and nerves)

---*regulates and controls body functions*

epithelial tissue is named based off

the number of layers of cells + the shape of cells on the apical surface

connective tissue

what is the most abundant and diverse type of tissue

collagen, elastic, reticular

three types of fiber in CT

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

three types of muscle

neurons and neuroglia

types of cells present in nervous tissue

tissues

skin is an organ because it consists of many _____ working together for a common function

epidermis (epithelial) and dermis (connective tissue)

two layers of the skin and what they consist of

Hypodermis, has adipose tissue

what isn't a part of the skin and why?

Dermis

the majority of the vascularization in the integumentary tissue is in the

keratinized epidermal cells

what type of cells are hair and nails made of

sebaceous glands

glands that produce an oily substance called sebum

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

list the hierarchy of structural organization in the body

Ipsilateral

same side

Contralateral

opposite side

Ventral

front side of the body, ventral

dorsal

back side of body, fin

Olecranal

back of elbow

Antebrachial

pertaining to the forearm

Antecubital

front of elbow

manus

hand

Pollex

thumb

Crural

shin

Sural

calf

hallux

big toe

spinal cord + cranial cavity

what is in the dorsal body cavity?

ventral body cavity

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

median (midsagittal) plane

Cuts the body into left and right planes

motion: forward and backward

frontal (coronal) plane

vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions

motion: towards or away from the midline, lateral side to side movements

transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

motion: rotation

Cilia

fingerlike projections that help *move* things

Microvili

projections that increase the cell's surface area

-microfilaments make up their core

Flagella

motile projection that has a tail, uses their whip like motions to move an entire cell

plasma membrane

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

Ribosomes

produce proteins, protein synthesis

-near rough ER and mitochondria

Rough ER

produces proteins, has ribosomes attached

Smooth ER

metabolizes lipids and stores calcium (in some cells)

-no ribosomes attached

Golgi apparatus

packages proteins for use either within or outside the cell

-uses transport vesicles to send out the modified products received from ER

Lysosomes

sacs of hydrolytic enzymes that break down large molecules

-acts like intracellular digestion

Mitochondria

makes energy in form of ATP

-double memrane

-cristae ----name of inner memranes

Peroxisomes

removes toxic wastes by using special enzymes oxidase and catalase

--oxidase : breaks down free radicals into hydrogen peroxide (BAD)

--catalase: neutralizes hydrogen peroxide and turns it into water

Cytoskeleton

supports the cell shape and produces movements

Centrioles

Located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division

Centrosome

microtubule organizing center consisting of two centrioles

- where cilia and flagella are formed

Nucleus

directis the operation of the cell

-double layer

--outside layer: pushes outward that helps develop the ER

--inside layer: houses chromatin and dense packed protein RNA; ribosomes are born here

covering

one word function for epithelial tissue

support

one word function for connective tissue

Movement

one word function for muscle tissue

control (and communication)

nervous tissue one word function

special features of epithelium

-high cellularity -- lots of cells, almost no extracellular matrix

-polarity -- one side is diff from the other

-support by connective tissue

-avascular

-nervous innervation- but no blood vessels

-high regenerative capacity

-basement membrane: helps epithelium *stick* and has some CT

tight junctions

tightly seals epithelium together and prevents leakage

Desmosomes

anchoring junctions

-holds cells together that are under mechanical stress

gap junctions

communicating junctions allow ions and small molecules to pass from one cell to the next for intercellular communication

Squamous

flat cells

Cuboidal

generally the same size all the way around

Columnar

elongated cell, nucleus gravitates towards the basal side

simple epithelium

one layer of cells

stratified epithelium

means that theres two or more layers

simple squamous epithelium

single layer of flattened cells with disc shaped central nuclei

--bird eye

simple cuboidal epithelium

single layer of cubelike cells with large spherical central nuclei

-looks mostly the same in size, height, depth, and width

simple columnar epithelium

single layer of TALL cells with ROUND to OVAL nuclei

-some cells bear cilia

-can have goblet cells

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

single layer of cells at DIFFERING HEIGHTS, some not reaching the free surface

-nuclei is seen at diff levels

-can have cilia and goblet cells

- *she only shows CILIA on this type of tissue*

stratified squamous epithelium

thick membrane composed of several layers

-basal cells are cuboidal or columnar, and surface cells are flattened (squamous)

stratified cuboidal epithelium

two or more layers of cubelike cells

stratified columnar epithelium

several cell layers

-basal cells usually cuboidal

-superficial cells elongated and columnar

general arrangement of all types of CT

-unicellular

-lots of extracellular matrix

collagen fibers

provides flexibility and *tensile* strength

-largest diameter and strongest of the CT fibers

-tensile strength -- like a rope, strength along its long axis; has little parts that make it strong bc of all of its compartments

elastic fibers

*recoil* -able to go back to its original way

Flexible and "stretchy" fibers that add elasticity to tissue

reticular fibers

smallest but still strong

*strength in tiny parts* that help to *support*

-doc A says to think of *pantyhose* - the threads are super small but bc of the way they're connected to each other, it helps make strong sheets

skeletal muscle

A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones.

-*voluntary and involuntary*

-striated that are perpendicular to things, multicellular

cardiac muscle

only in heart

-striated, unicellular

-function: move blood in cardiovascular system

-involuntary

smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle found inside many internal and hollow organs of the body

-involuntary

skeletal tissue

what tissue is in this pic

cardiac tissue

what tissue is this? *hint, look for intercalated discs*

smooth muscle tissue

what tissue is this? *hint: has a lot of nuclei and a cigar appearance (tapers at the end)*

connective tissue

identify this tissue

nervous tissue

identify this tissue

neuron and neuroglia

types of cells present in nervous tissue

skin = organ because...

consists of many tissues working together for a common function

avascular

is the epidermis vascular or avascular?

Come Lets Get Some Bluberies

mnemonic that helps to remember the epidermal layers (superficial to deep)

-corneum

-lucidum (2)

-granulosum

-spinosum

-basale

4, 5

thin skin has __ epidermal layers, thick skin has __

Dermis

-composed of dense irregular CT

-contains blood, lymphatic and nerves

-has papillary and reticular layer

epithelial

general type of tissue associated with epidermis

connective tissue

general type of tissue associated with dermis

loose connective tissue

general type of tissue associated with hypodermis

soles of feet and palms of hands

sebaceous glands are found everywhere except