Bootcamp.com - Fundamentals of Biology

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https://quizlet.com/303678142/bootcampcom-fundamentals-of-biology-flash-cards/

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163 Terms

1
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any substance that takes up space and has mass is called _____

matter

2
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an ______ is a substance that has specific chemical and physical properties

element

3
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an _____ is the smallest unit of matter that still retains all the chemical properties of an element

atom

4
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can an atom break-down into something smaller, while still retaining the properties of the original element?

no

5
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molecules result whenever _____ atoms join together

2 or more

6
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_____ are molecules that contain more than one element

compounds

(ex: H2O is a molecule/compound)

7
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what are the strong attractive forces that hold atoms within a molecule?

intramolecular forces

8
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which type of force exists between molecules?

intermolecular forces

9
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which type of force (intra-/intermolecular) determines physical properties?

intermolecular

10
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_____ are molecules that have the potential of bonding to other identical molecules through chemical reactions

monomers

11
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_____ is the process when monomers bond together, and it forms _____

polymerization; polymers

12
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_____ are substances that have a large # of monomers bonded together

polymers

13
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what are the 3 varieties of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides; disaccharides; polysaccharides

14
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monosaccharides have a ratio of precisely _____ _____ per water molecule, and they have the empirical formula _____

1 carbon; (CH2O)n

15
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ribose is a _____ sugar (monosaccharide)

pentose (five carbon)

<p>pentose (five carbon)</p>
16
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glucose and fructose are _____ sugars (monosaccharides)

hexose (six carbon)

<p>hexose (six carbon)</p>
17
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glucose and fructose are _____ of each other

isomers

18
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what type of carbohydrate results when 2 monosaccharide monomers bond/join together?

disaccharide

19
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monosaccharide monomers join together via what type of reaction?

dehydration/condensation reactions

<p>dehydration/condensation reactions</p>
20
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what type of bond is formed and what is released in a dehydration/condensation reaction?

covalent bond formation; release of H2O

<p>covalent bond formation; release of H2O</p>
21
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what is the opposite of a condensation/dehydration reaction - why?

A hydrolysis reaction; adds H2O to a covalent bond and splits monomers apart

22
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what is the name of the bond that forms when a carbohydrate attaches to another molecule?

glycosidic

<p>glycosidic</p>
23
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which disaccharide contains 1 glucose and 1 fructose?

sucrose (table sugar)

<p>sucrose (table sugar)</p>
24
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which disaccharide contains 1 galactose and 1 glucose?

lactose

<p>lactose</p>
25
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which disaccharide contains 2 glucoses linked together?

maltose

<p>maltose</p>
26
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polysaccharides are long polymers of _____

monosaccharides

27
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_____ may or may not have branching

polysaccharides

28
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some polysaccharides are for _____, and others are for _____.

storage, structure

29
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_____ is a crucial storage polysaccharide in plants

starch

30
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starch contains many _____ monomers in linear forms as well as branched forms

glucose

31
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linear plant starch is called _____

amylose

32
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what is amylopectin?

branched form of plant starch

33
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_____ is a storage polysaccharide found in humans

glycogen

34
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glycogen contains many _____ monomers

glucose

35
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is amylopectin or glycogen more branched?

glycogen

36
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what type of bonds does glycogen have?

α-1,4-glycosidic (linear)

many α-1,6-glycosidic (branches)

37
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name two alpha-glucose polysaccharides

starch (ex. amylose, amylopectin); glycogen

38
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_____ is a structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls, wood, and paper

cellulose

39
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cellulose is a _____ polymer

glucose

40
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what type of bonds does cellulose contain - what do they do?

β-1,4-glycosidic bonds; allows cellulose to form linear strands that pack together in parallel

41
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cellulose has high ____ due to its structure

rigidity

42
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chitin is a _____ polysaccharide

structural

43
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chitin is found in the cell walls of _____ and in the exoskeletons of ____

fungi; insects

44
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chitin is a structural polysaccharide with _____ added to each monomer

Nitrogen

45
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what type of bonds are in chitin?

β-1,4-glycosidic

46
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proteins contain polymers called _____, and each of these polymers contain monomeric subunits called ______.

polypeptides; amino acids

47
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in an amino acid, what 4 things is the central (alpha) carbon bonded to?

hydrogen atom (H), amino group (NH2), carboxyl group (COOH), and an "R group"

<p>hydrogen atom (H), amino group (NH2), carboxyl group (COOH), and an "R group"</p>
48
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how many amino acids are there?

20

49
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amino acids in a polypeptide are linked together via a covalent bond called a ______ bond

peptide

<p>peptide</p>
50
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how do amino acids form peptide bonds with one another?

dehydration/condensation reactions

51
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which type of reactions separate the amino acids of a polypeptide?

hydrolysis

52
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polypeptides have an _____ terminus and a _____ terminus

amino (N-); carboxyl (C-)

<p>amino (N-); carboxyl (C-)</p>
53
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the _____ structure of a protein is its amino acid sequence

primary

54
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all proteins have _____ structure

primary

55
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the _____ structure of a protein are folds that occur in a polypeptide chain due to intermolecular forces between atoms of the polypeptide backbone

secondary

56
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the _____ is the amino acid structural features other than the R-group

polypeptide backbone

57
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does the secondary structure include interactions between R-group atoms?

no

58
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which level of protein structure includes alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets?

secondary

59
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the _____ structure is the 3D structure of larger polypeptide chains due to (usually) non-covalent interactions between amino acid R-groups

tertiary

60
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what are the common interactions between R-groups in tertiary structure?

ionic bonding; hydrogen bonding; dipole-dipole interactions; London dispersion (van der Waal) forces; hydrophobic interactions; disulfide bonding

61
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usually tertiary structures involve non-covalent interactions; however, ______ bonds are the "covalent exception"

disulfide

(these are covalent)

62
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which amino acids allows disulfide bond formation?

cysteine

63
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the _____ structure refers to large proteins that have multiple subunits (i.e. contain multiple polypeptide chains)

quaternary

64
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while there are multiple polypeptide chains in a quaternary structure, the entire structure is considered to be _____

1 protein

65
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_____ causes proteins to lose their secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures

protein denaturation

<p>protein denaturation</p>
66
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denatured proteins retain their _____ structure

primary

<p>primary</p>
67
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loss of _____ leads to a loss of protein function

shape

(denaturation)

68
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what are some causes of protein denaturation?

excess temperature, chemicals, pH changes, radiation

<p>excess temperature, chemicals, pH changes, radiation</p>
69
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_____ are molecules that increase reaction rates

catalysts

70
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despite speeding up reactions, catalysts do not affect the _____ of a reaction

spontaneity

<p>spontaneity</p>
71
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_____ are not used up by the reactions they manipulate, meaning the reaction does not change them

catalysts

72
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catalysts lower _____ to speed reactions

activation energies/transition state energies

<p>activation energies/transition state energies</p>
73
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_____ do not change energy absorbing reactions to energy releasing ones, or vice versa

catalysts

<p>catalysts</p>
74
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catalysts do not affect the energy of _____ or _____

reactants; products

<p>reactants; products</p>
75
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_____ are biological protein catalysts

enzymes

76
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substrates bind to enzymes at the _____ (location)

active site

77
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the _____ measures how efficient an enzyme is in converting substrate to product

specificity constant

78
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enzymes bind at the active site via the _____ model

induced fit

79
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not all enzymes are proteins - give an example of an RNA enzyme:

ribozymes

80
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______ are non-protein molecules that assist enzymes

cofactors

81
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________ are organic cofactors (e.g. vitamins)

coenzymes

82
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inorganic cofactors are usually _____

metal ions

e.g. iron (Fe2+) or magnesium (Mg2+)

83
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_____ refer to enzymes that are bound to their cofactor

holoenzymes

84
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what is an apoenzyme?

an enzyme that is lacking (not bound to) its cofactor

85
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cofactors that tightly/covalently bind to their enzyme in a holoenzyme are known as _____

prosthetic groups

86
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Protein enzymes have optimal _____ and _____ ranges in which they have the highest enzymatic activity.

pH; temperature

(temperature ranges at the upper end of a normal physiological range generally increase enzyme function)

87
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_____ is a form of enzyme regulation, where inhibitors compete with substrates for active sites

competitive inhibition

<p>competitive inhibition</p>
88
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we can outcompete a competitive inhibitor by adding more _____

substrate

89
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what is enzyme saturation?

all active sites are occupied

90
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_____ is when an inhibitor binds to the allosteric site of an enzyme

noncompetitive inhibition

<p>noncompetitive inhibition</p>
91
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what is an allosteric site?

a different location that is not the active site of enzyme catalysis

<p>a different location that is not the active site of enzyme catalysis</p>
92
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a noncompetitive inhibitor binding to the allosteric site modifies the _____ so that the substrate has reduced binding or cannot bind

active site

<p>active site</p>
93
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we cannot _____ allosteric inhibitors by adding more substrate

outcompete

94
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the rate of enzyme catalysis is unaffected by increasing the substrate concentration in _____ inhibition

noncompetitive

95
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_____ is the substrate concentration [X] at which the velocity is 50% of the Vmax

Michaelis Constant (Km)

96
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a _____ Km indicates that Vmax is reached at low substrate concentrations because enzyme ability/function is high

small

97
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a _____ Km indicates that Vmax is reached at high substrate concentrations because enzyme availability/function is low

large

98
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in competitive inhibition, Km increases and Vmax _____

remains the same

<p>remains the same</p>
99
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this enzyme cleaves a phosphate group off of a substrate molecule

phosphatase

100
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this enzyme adds a phosphate group to a substrate molecule using inorganic phosphate

phosphorylase