Studied by 33 people
Renaissance
Cultural, artistic, political, and economical "rebirth" and transition of European states from the Middle Ages to modernity with the rediscovery of classical culture and knowledge
Italian Renaissance
Revival of Greek and Roman culture and art with emphasis on naturalism and human anatomy
Why Italy? (Renaissance)
Italy was home to preserved Roman culture, artifacts, and architecture; Italy was also undamaged and hadn't been neglected; They were also wealthy trade centers and manufacturing hubs
Northern vs. Southern Renaissance
The Northern Renaissance was strongly attached to the teachings of Christianity while the Southern Renaissance had different outlooks with Greek and Roman mythologies that was portrayed in their style and subject of art
Francesco Petrarch
Italian scholar and poet and one of the earliest humanists and credited with rediscovering Cicero's letters and initiating the Italian Renaissance and Humanism
Leonardo da Vinci
The archetypal "Renaissance Man" known for his advancements, inventions, and discoveries as an artist, scientist, architect, and engineer
Michelangelo
Talented sculptor, painter, engineer, poet, and architect; Best known for The Statue of David, the painting of the Sistine Chapel, and designing the dome of St. Peter's Basilica
The Madonnas
Representation of Mary (alone or with her child, Jesus) translates to "My Lady" and also represents purity, virginity, and loyalty
Medici
Lorenzo de'Medici gained political power at the age of 20 as a shrewd politician proving himself during difficult times; Medici was also a patron (spent money on poets, artists, and philosophers) whom influenced the arts in Florence
Thomas More
Famous English lawyer, judge, social philosopher, author, statesman, and noted Renaissance humanist; Known for his book Utopia in which a world of peace and harmony, where everyone is educated and there is no crime; Executed for rejecting Henry VIII's rule after he left the Catholic Church
Pieter Bruegel
Painted both religious scenes and scenes of peasant life whom uses vibrant colors and continues and bolstered the trend of Flemish painters depicting common people
Machiavelli
Italian diplomat, author, philosopher and historian; Best known for his political treatise The Prince, a guide to being a prince from the experiences and observation of …
Luther's Position
Doctor of Theology and Chair of Theology at University of Wittenberg
95 Theses
Luther was outraged of Tretzel's actions and drafted … against indulgences and nailed them to the door of the Church (Caused chaos and angered the church)
Indulgences
The Church began taking indulgences from the public as a way to forgive the sins of the people and the Pope had no such authority to release souls from purgatory. Luther denied the authority of the Pope since indulgences have no bias in the Bible
John Calvin
French Priest and lawyer that published Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1536 that gave advice on how to organize a Protestant Church with Calvin's own religious beliefs
Henry VIII
Established the Church of England and was known for having 6 wives
Gutenberg's impact
Invented the printing press which changed communication and and information by a large scale
Diet of Worms
HRE Charles V, calls Luther to attend a royal assembly to tell him to back down from going against the Church
Peace of Augsburg
Granted nobles the right to declare whether they'd be Lutheran or Catholic
Catholic Reformation
The … was the counter reformation to the Protestant Reformation and these religious tensions led to intolerance and persecution by both sides
Ignatius Loyola
A Spanish priest and theologian who founded the Jesuit order (a leading force in modernizing the Roman Catholic Church) and one of the most influential figures in the Counter Reformation
All-Water Route
Europeans sailed East for spices; First contact with Africa, East Asia, India, SE Asia, and Americans
Henry the Navigator
Set up navigator's school at Sagres and also improved ships and explored West Africa
Spain and Portugal leading the way
Spain and Portugal were of the first and lead to exploration in the East and West for trade routes
Mercantilism
Economic policy to promote more exports than imports for economic strength, wealth, and power
Treaty of Tordesillas
Pope Alexander VI set a line of demarcation between Portugal and Spain on the newly discovered lands; Spain to the West and Portugal to the East
Ferdinand Magellan
First to circumnavigate the globe
Christopher Columbus/Columbian Exchange
Exchange of diseases, ideas, crops, and populations between the New World and the Old World following the voyage to the Americas by Columbus
Vasco da Gama
First person to sail directly from Europe to India and helped to create a Portuguese foothold in India
Hernan Cortes
Conquered the Aztecs and claimed Mexico on behalf of Spain
Effect of Smallpox
Brought over by the Columbian exchange and killed ~90% of Native Americans
Francisco Pizarro
Conquered the Incas and killed their leader, Atahuapla
Moctezuma
The 9th Aztec Emperor who confronted Hernan Cortes
Dutch vs Spanish exploration
Dutch were interested in making money from trading and not really about spreading religion like the Spanish
Social Classes in New Spain
Peninsulares (Born in Spain), Creoles (American born descendants of Spanish settlers), Mestizos (Native American + European), Mulattoes (African + European)
Qing Dynasty
China under the Qing grew in population of millions and they kept foreigners out which would hurt them in the long run
Tokugawa Shogunate
Cutoff trade/ contact with the West; Persecuted Christians; Forbade Japanese from leaving
Philip II
King of Spain, Netherlands, Portugal, Naples, Sicily, king of England and Ireland (married to bloody Mary), workaholic, sparse living, very catholic, sought to centralize royal power, believed in divine right, absolute monarchy, Guardian of Roman Catholic Church, enforced religious unity in Spain, wars with Ottoman empire, Netherlands, and England
Divine Right
The belief that the king is chosen by God to rule
Mary I
Catholic daughter of Henry VII and Catherine of Aragon, attempted to return England to Catholicism, burned protestants at the stake, called "Bloody Mary"
Elizabeth I
Inherited the throne from Mary, religious tensions were high, slowly enacted reforms to Anglican church that pleased Protestants and Catholics, Anglican was pretty much catholic without the pope, strong ability to compromise, prevented long and bloody religious wars common in continental Europe
Parliament
Council of officials who advise the King but were ignored mostly until they took control and "granted" power to the King
Estates General
French representatives assembly
Edict of Nantes
granted tolerance to Huguenots (granted them limited self-rule)
Louis XIV absolutism
King of France, called himself the sun king b/c he believed France should revolve around him, strengthened royal power with indendants, didn't have the estates general meet during his 72 year reign
English Civil War
Civil war due to the king's abuse of power
Roundheads
group led by Oliver Cromwell that was against the king, they won the civil war, abolished the monarchy, established england as a commonwealth
Oliver Cromwell
Leader of the Roundheads, Lord Protector of England, put Charles on trial for treason, used military to strengthen England's commerce, revolt in Ireland was brutally put down, "Rule of Saints" kept Sunday holy, closed theaters and taverns, dancing and gambling outlawed, encouraged education, freedom of worship except for Catholics
Charles I
Abused his powers involving finances, dissolved parliament, ruled by own authority, exerted undue control over legal system, court of the star chamber persecuted puritans and those opposed to the kings authority, tried to force Anglican on scots
Puritans
English Protestants who sought to purify the Church of England of Roman Catholic practices to keep it Protestant
James I
Scottish king who took over England after Elizabeth died with no sons, first Stuart king, lectured parliament, never took their advice, England didn't want to be ruled by a Scot, divine right
Charles II
Parliament returned power to Charles II, not the successor to the king but to Cromwell, parliament asserted that they gave him the power, lived a lavish life, reopened society, agreeable with parliament but secretly enacted his policies, disinterned and beheaded dead Cromwell, traded with the Dutch, strong French ties
William and Mary
protestant daughter and husband of James, James II fled when they landed in England with an army, regular meetings with Parliament
Thirty Year's War
war between protestant and Catholics in HRE, began with the defenestration of Prague, most destructive event in German history before 20th century, France supported protestant side
Peace of Westphalia
ended the 30 year war, divided the HRE, Netherland and Switzerland gained independence
Hapsburg Family
Spanish and Austrian royal family, strong with ties all over Europe
Frederick the Great
Prussian from the Hohenzollen family, created the "Sparta of the North", one of the best armies, beat France and unified Germany, turned Russia from a loose group of ethnicities to an autocratic independent empire, superstition filled population dominated by men
Peter the Great
Obsessed with westernizing Russia due to his travels in western Europe, built St. Petersburg, "father of the Russian navy", established Russian empire
Catherine the Great
German wife of Peter III, king sucked so the mother in law arranged for men to help get an heir, one was a general in the army, they took over the country together with an army and killed peter, "enlightened" thinker, ruthless ruler, achieved warm water port on Black sea from Ottoman Empire, promoted music, art, and literature
Enlightenment
Change of reason, refers to change in economic, social, and political thinking, continuation of renaissance, philosophers began applying reason and science to human activity
Mary Wollstonecraft
a vindication of the Rights of women, argues for gender equality, education for women
Voltaire
critical of ancient regime, champion of free speech/thought, great witty writer
Montesquieu
presumption of innocence, separation of powers/checks and balances necessary to safeguard people's liberties
John Locke
optimistic nature, proponent of natural rights, purpose of government to protect those rights, rule by popular consent
Thomas Hobbes
wrote Leviathan, negative view on human nature, need a strong absolute ruler to keep people in line, proponent of social contract theory, people give power to government, government protect people and their rights, if government misuses power people can overthrow it
Rousseau
people are born good, become corrupted by society, people should live with the littlest amount of government control and as much freedom, government oppression goes against natural order
Adam Smith
physiocrats (natural laws govern human activity), rejected mercantilism, championed free trade, supply and demand, laissez-faire
Three Estates
breakdown: 1st estate (clergy), 2nd estate (nobles), 3rd estate (everyone else, middle class & poor)
Tennis Court Oath
Oath that the national assembly would not disband until there was a constitution
Marie Antoinette
Austrian wife of Louis XIV, large spender of money, influenced Louis to make bad decisions
Louis XVI
King during the French revolution, influenced by Marie Antoinette
Storming of the Bastille
Bastille was the king's prison, it was stormed and the 7 prisoners were freed, symbolic of the people being fed up with king's abuse of power
National Assembly
Group of representatives mostly from the 3rd estate, some from 2nd, that was upset about how the estates general was unfair and vowed to make a constitution, reformed land ownership, established peasant rights, organized departments, provided elections of local officials, decreased power of the church
Legislative Assembly
Replaced the national assembly after the constitution was written
Committee of Public Safety
Created by the National Convention in 1793 with the intent to defend the nation against foreign and domestic enemies, as well as to oversee the new functions of the executive government
National Convention
To provide a new constitution for the country after the overthrow of the monarchy ;Including businessmen, tradesmen, and many professional men
Maximilien Robespierre
Maximilien Robespierre and his allies dominated the Committee of Public Safety, represent the most radical and bloodiest phase of the French Revolution, known as the Reign of Terror
The Directory
a five-man executive committee that governed France for four years after the dissolution of the National Convention; Also used military force to put down uprisings
Napoleon - Coup
overthrew the system of government under the Directory in France and substituted the Consulate, making way for the despotism of Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleonic domestic policies
Standardized set of laws governing France and all of its possessions which were the same for everyone under France's rule
Napoleon - Scorched Earth Policy
Russian strategy that meant seizing or burning any supplies that the French might pillage from the countryside since supplies were difficult to obtain the deeper France went into Russia
Congress of Vienna
series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte
Why England? (Industrial Reovlution)
Lots of natural resources, large labor supply, great port cities, government support of business, large number of people with investment capital (money)
Agricultural Revolution
land consolidation, mechanization allowed for more production - more food means more people, also contributed to large number of people able to work in factories since they lost their jobs on the farms
Labor Unions
developed as workers tried to improve their working conditions, collective bargaining - workers banding together to "convince" bosses agree to shorter hours, higher pay, better working conditions
Thomas Malthus
wrote "Essay on the Principle of Population." Which made the argument that war, famine, and disease were necessary checks on the population. If population grows too much, food shortages result, people should die to alleviate suffering of others - Think Scrooge in "A Christmas Carol" "...surplus population..."
Iron Law of Wages
David Ricardo, "wages tend toward the minimum necessary to support the population." Wages are best kept low to keep workers from getting too wealthy, having more kids, increasing supply of workers that would decrease wages due to competition
Robert Owen
early socialist who put his theories into practice by building mills in England (and US) which provided safe working conditions, good pay, suitable housing, education for children, no child labor
Socialism
political philosophy that developed during the Industrial Rev which promoted the idea of the government providing important services for their citizens. Believed the people as a whole, rather than private individuals, own the means of production (farms, factories, railroads, large businesses
Karl Marx
German philosopher, founder of communism, "scientific socialism". Believed all history is a class struggle between the bourgeoisie (the "haves" rich, powerful who run the countries) and proletariat (common people, "have nots" who do all the work and are taken advantage of by the bourgeoisie). Eventually a world -wide revolution would take place, establishing communist world with a "classless society" where everyone shared equally in wealth---divided everything equally---no rich, no poor, no haves and have nots, everyone had everything the same
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Called for the destruction of aristocratic privileges by proclaiming an end to feudalism and to exemptions from taxation, freedom and equal rights for all "Men"; The monarchy was restricted, and all citizens were to have the right to take part in the legislative process
Lower class vs. middle class vs. upper class benefits of industrialization
middle class developed, had better lives/conditions than the factory workers, grew to be politically influential, too. Upper class benefited the most, working class, very little
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