World Honors Midterm Study Set

Renaissance

Cultural, artistic, political, and economical "rebirth" and transition of European states from the Middle Ages to modernity with the rediscovery of classical culture and knowledge

Italian Renaissance

Revival of Greek and Roman culture and art with emphasis on naturalism and human anatomy

Why Italy? (Renaissance)

Italy was home to preserved Roman culture, artifacts, and architecture; Italy was also undamaged and hadn't been neglected; They were also wealthy trade centers and manufacturing hubs

Northern vs. Southern Renaissance

The Northern Renaissance was strongly attached to the teachings of Christianity while the Southern Renaissance had different outlooks with Greek and Roman mythologies that was portrayed in their style and subject of art

Francesco Petrarch

Italian scholar and poet and one of the earliest humanists and credited with rediscovering Cicero's letters and initiating the Italian Renaissance and Humanism

Leonardo da Vinci

The archetypal "Renaissance Man" known for his advancements, inventions, and discoveries as an artist, scientist, architect, and engineer

Michelangelo

Talented sculptor, painter, engineer, poet, and architect; Best known for The Statue of David, the painting of the Sistine Chapel, and designing the dome of St. Peter's Basilica

The Madonnas

Representation of Mary (alone or with her child, Jesus) translates to "My Lady" and also represents purity, virginity, and loyalty

Medici

Lorenzo de'Medici gained political power at the age of 20 as a shrewd politician proving himself during difficult times; Medici was also a patron (spent money on poets, artists, and philosophers) whom influenced the arts in Florence

Thomas More

Famous English lawyer, judge, social philosopher, author, statesman, and noted Renaissance humanist; Known for his book Utopia in which a world of peace and harmony, where everyone is educated and there is no crime; Executed for rejecting Henry VIII's rule after he left the Catholic Church

Pieter Bruegel

Painted both religious scenes and scenes of peasant life whom uses vibrant colors and continues and bolstered the trend of Flemish painters depicting common people

Machiavelli

Italian diplomat, author, philosopher and historian; Best known for his political treatise The Prince, a guide to being a prince from the experiences and observation of …

Luther's Position

Doctor of Theology and Chair of Theology at University of Wittenberg

95 Theses

Luther was outraged of Tretzel's actions and drafted … against indulgences and nailed them to the door of the Church (Caused chaos and angered the church)

Indulgences

The Church began taking indulgences from the public as a way to forgive the sins of the people and the Pope had no such authority to release souls from purgatory. Luther denied the authority of the Pope since indulgences have no bias in the Bible

John Calvin

French Priest and lawyer that published Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1536 that gave advice on how to organize a Protestant Church with Calvin's own religious beliefs

Henry VIII

Established the Church of England and was known for having 6 wives

Gutenberg's impact

Invented the printing press which changed communication and and information by a large scale

Diet of Worms

HRE Charles V, calls Luther to attend a royal assembly to tell him to back down from going against the Church

Peace of Augsburg

Granted nobles the right to declare whether they'd be Lutheran or Catholic

Catholic Reformation

The … was the counter reformation to the Protestant Reformation and these religious tensions led to intolerance and persecution by both sides

Ignatius Loyola

A Spanish priest and theologian who founded the Jesuit order (a leading force in modernizing the Roman Catholic Church) and one of the most influential figures in the Counter Reformation

All-Water Route

Europeans sailed East for spices; First contact with Africa, East Asia, India, SE Asia, and Americans

Henry the Navigator

Set up navigator's school at Sagres and also improved ships and explored West Africa

Spain and Portugal leading the way

Spain and Portugal were of the first and lead to exploration in the East and West for trade routes

Mercantilism

Economic policy to promote more exports than imports for economic strength, wealth, and power

Treaty of Tordesillas

Pope Alexander VI set a line of demarcation between Portugal and Spain on the newly discovered lands; Spain to the West and Portugal to the East

Ferdinand Magellan

First to circumnavigate the globe

Christopher Columbus/Columbian Exchange

Exchange of diseases, ideas, crops, and populations between the New World and the Old World following the voyage to the Americas by Columbus

Vasco da Gama

First person to sail directly from Europe to India and helped to create a Portuguese foothold in India

Hernan Cortes

Conquered the Aztecs and claimed Mexico on behalf of Spain

Effect of Smallpox

Brought over by the Columbian exchange and killed ~90% of Native Americans

Francisco Pizarro

Conquered the Incas and killed their leader, Atahuapla

Moctezuma

The 9th Aztec Emperor who confronted Hernan Cortes

Dutch vs Spanish exploration

Dutch were interested in making money from trading and not really about spreading religion like the Spanish

Social Classes in New Spain

Peninsulares (Born in Spain), Creoles (American born descendants of Spanish settlers), Mestizos (Native American + European), Mulattoes (African + European)

Qing Dynasty

China under the Qing grew in population of millions and they kept foreigners out which would hurt them in the long run

Tokugawa Shogunate

Cutoff trade/ contact with the West; Persecuted Christians; Forbade Japanese from leaving

Philip II

King of Spain, Netherlands, Portugal, Naples, Sicily, king of England and Ireland (married to bloody Mary), workaholic, sparse living, very catholic, sought to centralize royal power, believed in divine right, absolute monarchy, Guardian of Roman Catholic Church, enforced religious unity in Spain, wars with Ottoman empire, Netherlands, and England

Divine Right

The belief that the king is chosen by God to rule

Mary I

Catholic daughter of Henry VII and Catherine of Aragon, attempted to return England to Catholicism, burned protestants at the stake, called "Bloody Mary"

Elizabeth I

Inherited the throne from Mary, religious tensions were high, slowly enacted reforms to Anglican church that pleased Protestants and Catholics, Anglican was pretty much catholic without the pope, strong ability to compromise, prevented long and bloody religious wars common in continental Europe

Parliament

Council of officials who advise the King but were ignored mostly until they took control and "granted" power to the King

Estates General

French representatives assembly

Edict of Nantes

granted tolerance to Huguenots (granted them limited self-rule)

Louis XIV absolutism

King of France, called himself the sun king b/c he believed France should revolve around him, strengthened royal power with indendants, didn't have the estates general meet during his 72 year reign

English Civil War

Civil war due to the king's abuse of power

Roundheads

group led by Oliver Cromwell that was against the king, they won the civil war, abolished the monarchy, established england as a commonwealth

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of the Roundheads, Lord Protector of England, put Charles on trial for treason, used military to strengthen England's commerce, revolt in Ireland was brutally put down, "Rule of Saints" kept Sunday holy, closed theaters and taverns, dancing and gambling outlawed, encouraged education, freedom of worship except for Catholics

Charles I

Abused his powers involving finances, dissolved parliament, ruled by own authority, exerted undue control over legal system, court of the star chamber persecuted puritans and those opposed to the kings authority, tried to force Anglican on scots

Puritans

English Protestants who sought to purify the Church of England of Roman Catholic practices to keep it Protestant

James I

Scottish king who took over England after Elizabeth died with no sons, first Stuart king, lectured parliament, never took their advice, England didn't want to be ruled by a Scot, divine right

Charles II

Parliament returned power to Charles II, not the successor to the king but to Cromwell, parliament asserted that they gave him the power, lived a lavish life, reopened society, agreeable with parliament but secretly enacted his policies, disinterned and beheaded dead Cromwell, traded with the Dutch, strong French ties

William and Mary

protestant daughter and husband of James, James II fled when they landed in England with an army, regular meetings with Parliament

Thirty Year's War

war between protestant and Catholics in HRE, began with the defenestration of Prague, most destructive event in German history before 20th century, France supported protestant side

Peace of Westphalia

ended the 30 year war, divided the HRE, Netherland and Switzerland gained independence

Hapsburg Family

Spanish and Austrian royal family, strong with ties all over Europe

Frederick the Great

Prussian from the Hohenzollen family, created the "Sparta of the North", one of the best armies, beat France and unified Germany, turned Russia from a loose group of ethnicities to an autocratic independent empire, superstition filled population dominated by men

Peter the Great

Obsessed with westernizing Russia due to his travels in western Europe, built St. Petersburg, "father of the Russian navy", established Russian empire

Catherine the Great

German wife of Peter III, king sucked so the mother in law arranged for men to help get an heir, one was a general in the army, they took over the country together with an army and killed peter, "enlightened" thinker, ruthless ruler, achieved warm water port on Black sea from Ottoman Empire, promoted music, art, and literature

Enlightenment

Change of reason, refers to change in economic, social, and political thinking, continuation of renaissance, philosophers began applying reason and science to human activity

Mary Wollstonecraft

a vindication of the Rights of women, argues for gender equality, education for women

Voltaire

critical of ancient regime, champion of free speech/thought, great witty writer

Montesquieu

presumption of innocence, separation of powers/checks and balances necessary to safeguard people's liberties

John Locke

optimistic nature, proponent of natural rights, purpose of government to protect those rights, rule by popular consent

Thomas Hobbes

wrote Leviathan, negative view on human nature, need a strong absolute ruler to keep people in line, proponent of social contract theory, people give power to government, government protect people and their rights, if government misuses power people can overthrow it

Rousseau

people are born good, become corrupted by society, people should live with the littlest amount of government control and as much freedom, government oppression goes against natural order

Adam Smith

physiocrats (natural laws govern human activity), rejected mercantilism, championed free trade, supply and demand, laissez-faire

Three Estates

breakdown: 1st estate (clergy), 2nd estate (nobles), 3rd estate (everyone else, middle class & poor)

Tennis Court Oath

Oath that the national assembly would not disband until there was a constitution

Marie Antoinette

Austrian wife of Louis XIV, large spender of money, influenced Louis to make bad decisions

Louis XVI

King during the French revolution, influenced by Marie Antoinette

Storming of the Bastille

Bastille was the king's prison, it was stormed and the 7 prisoners were freed, symbolic of the people being fed up with king's abuse of power

National Assembly

Group of representatives mostly from the 3rd estate, some from 2nd, that was upset about how the estates general was unfair and vowed to make a constitution, reformed land ownership, established peasant rights, organized departments, provided elections of local officials, decreased power of the church

Legislative Assembly

Replaced the national assembly after the constitution was written

Committee of Public Safety

Created by the National Convention in 1793 with the intent to defend the nation against foreign and domestic enemies, as well as to oversee the new functions of the executive government

National Convention

To provide a new constitution for the country after the overthrow of the monarchy ;Including businessmen, tradesmen, and many professional men

Maximilien Robespierre

Maximilien Robespierre and his allies dominated the Committee of Public Safety, represent the most radical and bloodiest phase of the French Revolution, known as the Reign of Terror

The Directory

a five-man executive committee that governed France for four years after the dissolution of the National Convention; Also used military force to put down uprisings

Napoleon - Coup

overthrew the system of government under the Directory in France and substituted the Consulate, making way for the despotism of Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleonic domestic policies

Standardized set of laws governing France and all of its possessions which were the same for everyone under France's rule

Napoleon - Scorched Earth Policy

Russian strategy that meant seizing or burning any supplies that the French might pillage from the countryside since supplies were difficult to obtain the deeper France went into Russia

Congress of Vienna

series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte

Why England? (Industrial Reovlution)

Lots of natural resources, large labor supply, great port cities, government support of business, large number of people with investment capital (money)

Agricultural Revolution

land consolidation, mechanization allowed for more production - more food means more people, also contributed to large number of people able to work in factories since they lost their jobs on the farms

Labor Unions

developed as workers tried to improve their working conditions, collective bargaining - workers banding together to "convince" bosses agree to shorter hours, higher pay, better working conditions

Thomas Malthus

wrote "Essay on the Principle of Population." Which made the argument that war, famine, and disease were necessary checks on the population. If population grows too much, food shortages result, people should die to alleviate suffering of others - Think Scrooge in "A Christmas Carol" "...surplus population..."

Iron Law of Wages

David Ricardo, "wages tend toward the minimum necessary to support the population." Wages are best kept low to keep workers from getting too wealthy, having more kids, increasing supply of workers that would decrease wages due to competition

Robert Owen

early socialist who put his theories into practice by building mills in England (and US) which provided safe working conditions, good pay, suitable housing, education for children, no child labor

Socialism

political philosophy that developed during the Industrial Rev which promoted the idea of the government providing important services for their citizens. Believed the people as a whole, rather than private individuals, own the means of production (farms, factories, railroads, large businesses

Karl Marx

German philosopher, founder of communism, "scientific socialism". Believed all history is a class struggle between the bourgeoisie (the "haves" rich, powerful who run the countries) and proletariat (common people, "have nots" who do all the work and are taken advantage of by the bourgeoisie). Eventually a world -wide revolution would take place, establishing communist world with a "classless society" where everyone shared equally in wealth---divided everything equally---no rich, no poor, no haves and have nots, everyone had everything the same

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Called for the destruction of aristocratic privileges by proclaiming an end to feudalism and to exemptions from taxation, freedom and equal rights for all "Men"; The monarchy was restricted, and all citizens were to have the right to take part in the legislative process

Lower class vs. middle class vs. upper class benefits of industrialization

middle class developed, had better lives/conditions than the factory workers, grew to be politically influential, too. Upper class benefited the most, working class, very little