Tissues

Tissues

Are group of cells with similar structure and function; are groups of specialized cell and extracellular surrounding them

Histology

Microscopic study of tissues

Histopathology

Combination of histology and pathology

Biopsy

To get a sample tissue and study it on a microscope

Epithelial tissue

Found throughout the body where it covers the external and internal srreces

Epithelial tissue

Forms most of the glands and consist nirrly of cells with very little matrix

Free surface

Composed of a layer of epithelial cells with one surface that is not in contact with other cells or the basement membrane

Basement membrane

Ttatches to the epithelial cells to the underlyingg tissue

Protecting underlying structures; act as a barrier; it permits the passage of substances; secreting substances; absorbing substances

Functions of epethelia

Simple; pseudostratified; stratified; transitional

Classifications of epethelia according to layer

Simple

One layer

Pseudostatified

it appears stratified but it is actually simple (one layer) ; the height varies it appears like multiple layers but is not

Stratified

More than one layer

Transitional

A type of stratified epethelium

Squamous; cuboidal; columnar

Classifications of epethelia according to cell type

Squamous

Shapes relates or synonymous to that of scales

Cubodal

Cubes or square like

Columnar

Long shaped

Simple squamous epethelium

Single layer of thin flat-like cells which are often found where diffusion and filtration takes place 

Simple squamous epethelium

Functions to prevent abrasion between organs in the thoracic and in the abdominopelvic cavity

Simple cuboidal epethelium

Single layer of cube-like cells which have greater volume and contain more organelles

Simple columnar epithelium

Single layer of tall, thin cells that contains organelles and enable them to perform in complex functions

Pseudostatified columnar epethelium

Only one layer but appears like it is composed of multiple layers / stratified because of the varying height but is actually a single layer only

Pseudostatified columnar epethelium

Secretes mucus which covers the free surfaces

Stratified squamous epethelium

Found in the mouth mostly composed of living cells ni moist surface

Stratified cubodial epethelium

consists of more than one layer of cube-shaped

Transitional epethelium

Special type of stratified epithelium that can be greatly stretched; In the under stretched state, it consists of five or more layers of cuboidal and columnar cells that often are dome-shaped at the free surfaces

Glands

Are multi cellular structured thr secretes substances to a surface

Endocrine gland and exocrine gland

2 major types of glands

Exocrine gland

Produce substances and secrete substances through tubes/ducts

Unicellular

Some exocrine glands are composed only a single cell

Endocrine glands

Are glands that have no ducts and simply secrete substances into the blood and carried by the blood to the different parts of the body

Simple straight tubular

Found in the glands in stomach and colon

Simple branched tubular

Found in lower portion of the stomach

Simple coiled tubular

Found in lower portion of the stomach and small intestine

Simple acinar

Found in sebaceous gland of skinn

Sebaceous gland

Secretes sebum or natural oil of the skin

Simple branches acinar

Found in sebaceous gland of the skin

Compound acinar

Found in the mucus gland of duodenum

Compound acinar

Found in malmary gland

Compound tuboloacinar

Found in the pancreas. Elongated and at the end it's circular

Free cell surfaces

The characteristics of a free surface reflect the function it performs.

Smooth surface

Helps reduce friction

Connective tissues

Are characterized by large amounts of extracellular materials that separate cells from one another

Protein fibers; ground substance; fluid

3 components of extracellular matrix

Collage fiber; reticular fibers; elastic fiber

3 types of protein fiber

Collagen fiber

Flexible and resistant to stretching

Reticular fibers

Are very fine and short collagen fibers that branch to form supporting network

Elastic fiber

Have structure similar to coiled metal bending springs

Loose connective tissue; adipose tissue; blood; fibrous connective tissue; tendon; cartilage

Types of connective tissue

Enclosing and separating; connects tissue to another; supporting and moving; sorting; cautioning and insulation; transporting; protection

Functions of connective tissue

Loose connective tissue

has extracellular matrix consisting of collagen and few elastic fibers

Adipose tissue

• Has extracellular matrix with collagen and elastic fibers

• Has very little extracellular matrix and the individual cells are large and closely packed together

• Filled with lipid

• Stores high amount of energy molecules

Muscle tissue

Has the ability to contract and to shorten

Skeletal; cardiac; smooth

Types of muscle

Nervouse tissue

Forms the brain, spinal cord, nerves and are responsible for coordinating and controlling many bodily activities

Tissue membrane

a thin sheet or layer of tissue that covers a structure and lines a cavity

Mucus membrane; serous membrane; cutaneous membrane

Major categories of membrane

Mucus membrane

Consists of various kinds of epithelium resting in the thick layer of the loose connective tissue and they line cavities (hollow areas) such as abdominal cavity and thoracic cavity

Serous membrane

• Lines cavities that do not open to the exterior and do not contain glands, but they do secrete fluid

Serous membrane

which keeps the joints from rubbing each other. It serves as a lubricant

Cutenous membrane

Type of membrane na skin

Periosteum

Surround the bone

Inflammation

The body’s way of repairing the tissue and protecting itself

Dolor; rubor; calor; tumor; functio laesa

Cardinal signs of inflamation

If one area is damaged, it would tend to increase the blood supply to the area. 

In what way will these protect the integrity of the tissue?”

Dolor

Pain

Rubor

Redness

Calor

Heat

Tumor

Increase in size

Functio laesa

Loss function

Free cell

The surface that is exposed

Basal surface

The surface of the cell that is anchored in place

Endothelium

The surface is the tissue lining blood

Demosomes

Mechanically bind epethelial cells together

Hemidesmosomes

Bind cells to the basement membrane; are the anchors of epethelial tissues. Prevent movement to the tissue

Tight junctions

Are cell connection structures that form barriers and anchor the cells

Adhesion belts

Found below the tight junction. Helps anchor the tight junction to the epethelial cell

Medocrine

Most common; release of secretory products through exocytosis

Apocrine

RELEASE of secretory products

Holocrine

Shedding of entire cell; Whole

Ground sunstance

Consist of non fibrous molecules

Hyaline cartillage

Fibrocartilage

Has more collagen and collagen fibers can be seen in the matrix

Elastic cartilage

Able to recoil to its original shape

Bone

Hard connective tissue that consist of living cells and mineralized matrix

Osteocytes

Are located in the lacunae

Spongy bone and compact bone

2 types of bone tissue

Cardiac muscle

Responsible to pubmp blood

Intercalated disks

Important in coordinating the contractions of the cardiac muscle cells

Nervous tissue

Responsible for controlling and coordinating many body activities

Neuron

Responisble for Conducting cell signals

Cell body

Contains nucleus and is the site of general function of the cell

Dentrites

Receives stimuli that lewd to electrical changes