Anatomy Lec Exam 3: MOST IMPORTANT STUFF

What are the two main cell types in neural tissue?

Neurons and neuroglia

What is the function of neurons?

Transfer and process information

What is a nerve fiber?

The axon

What part of the neuron receives signals?

Dendrites

What determines conduction speed?

Axon diameter

What is a synapse?

Communication between cells

Which neuron type has no axon?

Anaxonic

Which neuron type is most common?

Multipolar

What type are sensory neurons?

Pseudo-unipolar

What do neuroglia do?

Support neurons

Which glial cell maintains the blood-brain barrier?

Astrocytes

What do oligodendrocytes do?

Myelinate axons

What does myelin do?

Speeds up conduction

What do microglia do?

Immune defense

What are the three connective tissue layers?

Epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium

What direction do sensory neurons carry info?

Toward CNS

What direction do motor neurons carry info?

Away from CNS

Where are interneurons located?

CNS

What do nociceptors detect?

Pain

What do thermoreceptors detect?

Temperature

What do mechanoreceptors detect?

Touch/pressure

What do proprioceptors detect?

Body position

What do muscle spindles detect?

Stretch

What do Golgi tendon organs detect?

Tension

What is an action potential?

Electrical signal in neuron

What triggers an action potential?

Threshold

What ions are involved in an action potential?

Sodium and potassium

What neurotransmitter is used at neuromuscular junctions?

Acetylcholine

What does ACh cause?

Muscle contraction

What forms a spinal nerve?

Dorsal + ventral roots

Why are spinal nerves mixed?

Contain sensory + motor fibers

What does the dorsal root contain?

Sensory fibers

What does the ventral root contain?

Motor fibers

How many spinal segments are there?

31

Where does the spinal cord end?

L1-L2

What is the cauda equina?

Bundle of nerve roots

What is the filum terminale?

Anchors spinal cord

What are meninges?

Protective layers

What are the three meninges?

Dura, arachnoid, pia

Where is CSF found?

Subarachnoid space

What are dorsal horns?

Primary processing center for Sensory information

What are ventral horns?

Responsible for transmitting Motor signals

What are ascending tracts?

Sensory to brain

What are descending tracts?

Motor from brain

What is a dermatome?

Skin region from one nerve

What is a myotome?

Muscle group from one nerve

What is a nerve plexus?

Network of nerves

What does the brachial plexus control?

Motor movement - Upper limbs

What is the phrenic nerve?

Controls diaphragm

What is the largest nerve?

Sciatic nerve

What is sciatica?

Pain from sciatic nerve compression

What does the frontal lobe do?

Thinking

What does the parietal lobe do?

Sensory integration

What does the occipital lobe do?

Vision

What does the temporal lobe do?

Hearing/smell

What does the cerebrum control?

Thought and memory

What does the cerebellum do?

Balance and coordination

What does the medulla control?

Heart rate, breathing

What does the hypothalamus do?

Controls hormones and autonomic system

What does the thalamus do?

Sensory relay

What is CSF function?

Cushion, support, transport

What produces CSF?

Choroid plexus

What is the blood-brain barrier?

Protects brain from toxins

What is a stroke?

Loss of blood flow to brain

What is a concussion?

Brain injury from impact

How many cranial nerves are there?

12

What is the function of CN I?

Smell

What is the function of CN II?

Vision

What type is CN V?

Mixed - sensory and motor functions

What type is CN X?

Mixed - sensory, special sensory, motor, and autonomic (parasympathetic)

What is the ANS?

Controls involuntary functions

What are the divisions of the ANS?

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

What is sympathetic function?

Fight or flight

What is parasympathetic function?

Rest and digest

What happens in sympathetic activation?

↑ heart rate, ↑ breathing, ↑ energy

What happens in parasympathetic activation?

↓ heart rate, ↑ digestion

What is epinephrine?

Hormone for stress response

What is norepinephrine?

Neurotransmitter in sympathetic system

What is catabolism?

Breakdown for energy

What is anabolism?

Building molecules