Period 1 Reading Guide - Chapter 1 (AMSCO) - Key Concepts 1.1 & 1.2; Causation (Video Notes)

Fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering Key Concept 1.1 (diff. native societies, environments, and adaptations), Key Concept 1.2 (Columbian Exchange, European exploration, and Asian/African connections), and the causation factors driving European exploration and settlement.

The Southwest settlements (Hokokam, Anasazi, and Pueblos) developed farming using __.

irrigation

The Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas had highly organized societies with extensive trade and calendars based on __ observations.

scientific

Stable food supply for the Mayans and Aztecs came from __.

corn

The Inca relied on __ as a staple crop.

potatoes

Most people in North America lived in __ settlements in small groups.

semi-permanent

The Northwest Coast saved stories using __.

totem poles

Cahokia, near present-day St. Louis, Illinois, was the largest settlement in the __ region.

Midwest

The Iroquois Confederation was a political union of five independent tribes in the __ (Mohawk Valley).

New York

Atlantic Seaboard Settlements stretched from Southern New Jersey to __.

Florida

The 15th-century Portuguese began trading for slaves from West Africa in the __ century.

15th

In 1493, the pope created the line of demarcation, known as the __, to divide the non‑European world between Spain and Portugal.

Treaty of Tordesillas

The Columbian Exchange included the introduction of __ diseases to Native Americans, such as smallpox.

deadly or infectious

Spanish conquest of the Aztecs and Incas was led by Hernán __ and Francisco Pizarro, respectively.

Cortes

The Spanish encomienda system granted land and native labor to individual Spaniards under the __ system.

encomienda

The asiento system required the Spanish to pay a tax on each enslaved West African imported to the Americas, bringing labor from Africa under the __ system.

asiento

Bartolomé de Las Casas advocated for better treatment of Native Americans and helped persuade the king to issue the New Laws of __.

1542

The Valladolid Debate debated the of Native Americans in the Spanish colonies.

status

Early English policy in Massachusetts largely involved coexistence with Native Americans rather than __.

conquest

The French viewed Native Americans as potential allies (economic and military).

economic and military

Native American reactions to European contact were largely due to the diversity of tribes.

fragmented or diverse

The line of demarcation gave Portugal claim to (Brazil).

Brazil

The Dutch West India Company operated colonies for economic in the Atlantic world.

gains or profit

Export of gold and silver back to Spain increased the gold supply by __ percent.

500