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What are the three areas psychologists focus on when it comes to developmental psychology?
Continuity vs. Stages of development, Stability vs. Change, Nature vs. Nurture
Grasping reflex
clinging response to a touch on the palm of their hand
Rooting reflex
response of turning toward the source of tough that occurs anywhere around their mouth
Moro reflex
response of startled infant
SIDS
sudden infant death syndrome, infants quietly and mysteriously die in their sleep
Learning
a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience
Maturation
the internally programmed growth of a child
Maturation readiness
being physiologically ready to learn a new skill of development
The visual cliff
creates illusion of cliff like drop off to experiment if infants have ability to perceive depth
Findings of visual cliff
3 months=some willing to cross over but increased heart rate
6 months=infants refused to cross over
Critical period
a significant time in life where it is easiest to learn skills (language)
Jean Piaget
Swiss psychologist who studied babies and young children
Schemas
a conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world
Assimilation
the process of fitting objects and experiences into one’s existing schemas
Accommodation
the adjustment of ones schemas to include newly observed events and experiences
Ex of schema
an airport, math problem, first date
Ex of assimilation
a child knows what a bird is, but points to an airplane and says “birdie”
Ex of accommodation
a child develops separate schemas for “bird” and “airplane” (schema expands)
Object permanence
a child realizes that an object or person still exists even when he or she cannot see or touch it (begins around 7-12 months)
Conservation
the principle that a given quantity does not change when its appearance is changed (between 5-7)
Sensorimotor (#1)
schemas involve body and sensations (birth-2 yrs)
Preoperational (#2)
using mental images to represent things (2-7 yrs)
Concrete Operations (#3)
begin to gain the ability to use logical schemas, based on concrete objects and problems (7-11 yrs)
Formal Operations (#4)
abstract thinking (11 yrs-onward)
Konrad Lorenz
attachment occurred in a rapid, virtually permanent learning process
Harry Harlow
discovered that touching and physical contact matters the most
Mary Ainsworth
3 patterns of attachment: secure, avoidant, resistant
Secure
balance need to be close and explore, welcome back mom and free of anger
Avoidant
avoid and ignore mother when they leave or return
Resistant
ignore mom when she leaves and reject when she returns
Authoritarian
parents are bosses of homes, strong discipline, don’t have to explain their actions
Authoritative
children participate in decisions affecting their lives, lots of negotiation, discipline balanced
Permissive
children have final say, parents may guide but give in, no rules/demands/discipline
Uninvolved
uncommitted to parenting role, distant from children
Socialization
the process of learning the rules of behavior of the culture within which an individual will live
Why are games important for the developing child?
teach about aspects of adult life in a nonthreatening way, learn the importance of agreeing on structure
Preconventional (1+2)
concerned with punishment, don’t consider others Pov, no sense of right/wrong,
looks for reward, avoids punishment
Conventional (3+4)
concerned with what others think
concerned with right/wrong (laws)
Post-conventional (5+6)
are laws fair/just? laws must change as the world does
acceptance of ethical principles, understand golden rule
Psychosexual development
all children are born with powerful sexual and aggressive urges and in learning to control those impulses children acquire a sense of right and wrong
trust vs mistrust (infancy)
is my world predictable and supportive? ex: Harlow’s monkeys
autonomy vs shame/doubt (1-3)
can I do things myself or must I rely on others? ex: learning to walk
initiative vs guilt (3-6)
am i good or bad? ex: punishment
industry vs inferiority (6-12)
am i successful or worthless? ex: test scores
identity vs role confusion (early teens)
who am i? ex: peer influence
intimacy vs isolation (young adult)
shall i share my life with someone or live alone ex: break up
generativity vs stagnation (middle adult hood)
will i succeed in life? ex: starting a buisness
ego integrity vs despair (older adult)
have i lived a full life? ex: accomplishing goals
adolescence
the transition period between childhood and adulthood
identity moratorium
consider important issues but make no commitments to them
identity foreclosure
make firm commitments on issues based on suggestions of others
identity confused/diffused
no thought and commitment
identity achievement
freely committed to occupations and other important life matters based on your own searching
role of peers on adolescents
replace parents as a form of emotional support, set standards on fashion and music
role of parents on adolescents
set standards on marriage, religion, and educational plans , accept parents beliefs and follow advice on foundational matters
gender identity
the sex group which an individual biologically belongs to (nature)
gender role
the set of behaviors that society considers appropriate for each sex (nurture)
gender stereotypes
an oversimplified generalization about the characteristics that belong to males and females
androgynous roles
a flexible combo of traditionally male and female characteristics
young adulthood peak (20’s)
peak in acquiring new skills and info and problem solving requiring speed and coordination
middle adulthood peak (40’s)
most reach their peak in creativity and productivity
late adulthood peak (60’s)
this is when humanities (history, foreign languages, and literature abilities peak
an adults reaction time ______ with age
slows
ageism
prejudice or discrimination against the elderly (stereotype perpetrates widespread misconceptions about older people)
physical adjustment to aging
becoming sick or disabled
external adjustment to aging
moving to a nursing home, loss of spouse/friends, inability to drive
senile dementia
conditions characterized by memory loss, forgetfulness, disorientation of time/place, altered personality, difficulty relating
alzheimers disease
most common form of dementia, destroys ones ability to think, remember, relate, and care for themselves