bio exam 2

Metabolic reaction

chemical reaction in organism that maintain life

catabolic

break down molecules into smaller ones

energy released

anabolic

small molecules become bigger

energy required

endogenic

takes energy to complete

exogenic

releases energy at the end of the reaction

Is photosynthesis ana or cata

anabolic

Is cell resp ana or cata

catabolic

Is Aerobic Decomposition ana or cata

catabolic

Is Anaerobic Decomposition cata or ana

catabolic

Is Nitrogen Fixation cata or ana

anabolic

Is Nitrification cata or ana

catabolic

is Denitrification ana or cata

catabolic

energy

capacity to do work or begin movement against an opposing force

potential energy

stored energy; chemical, nuclear, mechanical

kinetic energy

energy in motion; thermal, radiant, electromagnetic

law of mass action

rate of reaction proportional to concentration of reactants

How does temp affect reaction rate?

higher temp means fast reaction; vice versa

energy activation barrier

minimum energy required for reaction

How does activation barrier affect reaction rate?

decreased height has faster rate; vice versa

Enzymes

proteins that are catalysts in biological systems

How do enzymes affect chemical reactions?

Lowers activation energy by combining with reactant

Lock and key model

enzymes only bond with one specific substrate

Induced fit model

enzymes can change shape when bonded with a substrate

Where does glycolysis take place?

cytosol

Why is photosynthesis important in freshwater systems

food and oxygen production

use of sun energy

makes life possible

These animals have bilateral symmetry, cephalization (head and brain), but no body cavities and an incomplete digestive system. Many are known to be parasites in the digestive tract.

Platyhelminthes

When a reaction requires an energy input, we call this a ________ reaction.

Endergonic

An enzyme has a modulator molecule that binds to which site?

Regulatory site

Water is split into H+ and oxygen in which step of photosynthesis?

Light reaction

Energy in motion that is considered thermal, radiant, or electromagnetic is called ________.

kinetic energy

NADH and FADH2 are reactants of which step of cellular respiration?

Electron transport chain

The science of naming and classifying organisms is called

taxonomy

Includes animals with pores, have no symmetry, and pull oxygen from the water into their cells.

Porifera

Classifying an organism at the phylum level is more specific than classifying the organism at the species level.

False

What is the first step of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis

CO2 is locked in from air in which step of photosynthesis?

Calvin cycle

Planarians are animals found in this phylum.

Platyhelminthes

In which step of cellular respiration is the most ATP produced?

Electron transport chain

The main electron carrier in cellular respiration is ________.

NAD+

pH is a factor that influences reaction rate.

True

Substrates that are an exact fit to an active site of an enzyme aligns with which model?

Lock and key model

The carapace is found in what region of the crayfish?

Cephalothorax

Which letters are the reactants in this equation A + B => C + D?

a and b

Enzymes are catalysts that ________ the rate (speed) of a reaction.

increase

What is the second step of photosynthesis?

Calvin cycle

Photosynthesis requires input of energy to build sugar molecules, this makes photosynthesis an ________ reaction.

Endergonic

The capacity to do work is called ________.

energy

When ATP is broken up into ADP + P, energy is ________.

released

Why are nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification important to freshwater systems?

They sustain nutrients levels and growth of organisms

These animals have an exoskeleton made of chitin, segmented body with jointed appendages, and an open circulatory system. Over 1 million species exist in this phylum.

Arthropoda

Where does glycolysis take place?

Cytoplasm/Cytosol

Snails and slugs are found in this phylum.

Mollusca

Substrate concentration does affect reaction rate.

True

Includes animals with a mantle, muscular foot, a radula for feeding and protection, and can be shelled (but not always).

Mollusca

Algae can perform photosynthesis.

True

The breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones is called a ________ reaction.

catabolic

Photosynthesis, 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂, is what type of reaction?

anabolic

ATP is produced in which step of photosynthesis?

Light reaction

Why is anaerobic decomposition important to freshwater systems?

It helps break down organic matter and recycle nutrients in the absence oxygen

Corals and anemones are found in this phylum.

Cnidaria

The gills are found in what region of the crayfish?

Cephalothorax

Where does photosynthesis take place?

Chloroplast

Jellies are found in this phylum.

Cnidaria

Oxygen is a product of which energy transformation?

Photosynthesis

Enzymes ________ the activation energy needed to start a reaction.

decrease

Insects are found in this phylum.

Arthropoda

What is the main energy molecule used in metabolic reactions?

ATP

These animals have a true coelom (body cavity) and are sensitive to vibrations on ground rain.

Annelida

Glycolysis Products

2 pyruvate

2 NADH

Net gain 2 ATP

Krebs Reactants

Pyruvate Acetyl CoA

NAD+

FAD

Krebs Products

8 NADH

1 FADH2

1 ATP

2 CO2

Electron Transport Chain Reactants

NADH

FADH2

Electron Transport Chain Products

ATP

Water

How is energy trapped in glycolysis

Phosphate group transferred from high energy compound to form ATP

Glycolysis Reactants

Glucose

2 ATP

NAD+

Respiration Reactants

Glucose Sugar

Oxygen

Respiration Products

CO2

Water

Is oxygen required for glycolysis

No

How is energy trapped in Krebs?

High energy electrons carried by FADH2 and NADH

How is energy trapped in ETC?

electrons move through protein complexes in mitochondria

Why is oxygen important in ETC?

Final electron acceptor

Combines electrons and protons to make water

What organisms can perform photosynthesis?

Plants
Bacteria
Algae

Electron carrier for respiration

NAD+

Electron carrier for photosynthesis

NADP+

Does molecule reduction gain or lose electron

gain

Linnaeus Order

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Binomial Nomenclature

Genus capitalized

species lowercase

Notochord, dorsal nerve chord, pharyngeal slits, post anal tail; vertebraes and some invertebraes

Chordata

Chordata Examples

Carp

Frog

Turtle

1

Cephalothorax

2

carapace

3

abdomen

4

rostrum

1

Stomach

2

Heart

3

Entrance to intestines

1

Foot

2

gills

3

abductor muscles

4

visceral mass