Inorganic final

C₄H₆ + O₂ →

CO₂ + H₂O

Mg + I →

MgI₂

CuCl₂ + H₂S →

CuS + HCl

NaOH + H(ClO₄) →

Na(ClO₄) + H₂O

Zn(CO₃) →

ZnO + CO₂

HCl + Zn →

ZnCl + H₂

Na + MgCl₂ →

NaCl + Mg

CaCl₂ + K₂CO₃ →

CaCO₃ + KCl

K + Cl →

KCl

H₂(CO₃) →

CO₂ + H₂O

H₂SO₄ + KOH →

K₂SO₄ + H₂O

C₆H₁₀O₃ + O₂ →

CO₂ + H₂O

Al₂(CO₃)₃ →

Al₂O₃ + CO₂

Al + O₂ →

Al₂O₃

Mg + F →

MgF₂

PbSO₄ + AgNO₃ →

Ag₂SO₄ + Pb(NO₃)₂

Ca + AgCl →

CaCl₂ + Ag

HCl + NaOH →

NaCl + H₂O

C₆H₁₂ + O₂ →

CO₂ + H₂O

Li + S →

Li₂S

HCl + Mg(OH)₂ →

MgCl₂ + H₂O

Mg(OH)₂ →

MgO + H₂O

Fe(OH)₃ →

Fe₂O₃ + H₂O

Na₂(CO₃)→

Na₂O + CO₂

K₂CO₃→

K₂O + CO₂

Ca(OH)₂ + H₃PO₄ →

Ca₃(PO₄)₂ + H₂O

Mg + HCl →

MgCl₂ + H₂

KBr + Cl₂ →

KCl + Br₂

FeS + HCl →

H₂S + FeCl₂

KI + Pb(NO₃)₂ →

K(NO₃) + PbI₂

base

What is NH3(aq)?

acid

What is H2O(l) in a reaction with NH3?

conjugate acid

What is NH4+ as a product in a reaction?

conjugate base

What is OH- in a reaction as the product?

lewis acid

What is AlBr3?

lewis base

What is NH3 in a reaction?

down the group 

What direction does acidity characteristics increases? 

NaH, H2S, H2Te, HI

Rank these in order of acid strength? (NaH, H2Te, H2S, HI)

H2SO4, more oxygen

Which acid is stronger H2SO3 or H2SO4?

CCl3COOH, because CCl3 is more acidic than CH3 due to electronegativity which pulls electron density away from the rest of the molecule 

Which acid is stronger CCl3COOH or CH3COOH?

F-, is the stronger base because HF is weaker than HCl as an acid 

Which is a stronger base F- or Cl-?

NO2 is the stronger base because HNO3 is the stronger acid and the weaker acid has a stronger conjugate base

Which is stronger base NO3- or NO2-?

-6

What is the oxidation state of S atom in SO4 ^2- ?

+4

What is the oxidation state of SF4 for the S atom?

3K(s) + Cr ³⁺(aq) → Cr(s) + 3K¹⁺ (aq)

Balance the equation

K(s) + Cr ³⁺(aq) → Cr(s) + K¹⁺ (aq)

oxidizing agent: Cr3+

What is the oxidizing agent K(s) + Cr ³⁺(aq) → Cr(s) + K¹⁺ (aq) ?

reducing agent: K

What is the reducing agent K(s) + Cr ³⁺(aq) → Cr(s) + K¹⁺ (aq) ?

3(K → K⁺ + e-) to 3K → 3K⁺ + 3e- | Cr³⁺ + 3e- → Cr

3K + Cr³⁺ → 3K⁺ + Cr

Write the redox reactions for this

K(s) + Cr ³⁺(aq) → Cr(s) + K¹⁺ (aq) 

Ce4⁺/ Cr³⁺

What is the reduction portion in this reaction Ce4⁺ + Fe2⁺ → Cr³⁺ + Fe³⁺? 

Fe2+/Fe3+

What is the oxidation portion in this reaction Ce4⁺ + Fe2⁺ → Cr³⁺ + Fe³⁺? 

Ered = Ecathode - Eanode 

1.76 - 0.77 = +0.99 V 

Ecell is positive so G is negative and reaction is spontaneous 

What is the cell potential for Ce4⁺ + Fe2⁺ ? 

E^o = na(Ea) + nb(Eb) / na + nb

What is the cell potential equation for a Latimer diagram?

(1)(0.77) + (2) (-0.44) / 1 + 2 = -0.037 V

What is the E^o for Fe3+ to Fe?

lowest point, Cr3+

What is the most stable species in a frost diagram?

highest point, ½ [ Cr2O7] 2-

What is the good oxidizing agent in a frost diagram?

the middle point and highest point, ½ [ Cr2O7] 2- and Cr2+

What species undergo comproportionating reactions in frost diagrams? 

2HF

What is the balance product of F2 + H2 →

2HK

What is the balance product of K + H2 →

2SH2

What is the balance product of S + H2 →

MgH2

What is the balance product of Mg + H2 →

2NH3

What is the balance product of N2 + H2 →

2AlH3

What is the balance product of Al + H2 →

GeH4

What is the balance product of Ge + H2 →

Ca(OH2) + 2H2

What is the balance product of CaH2 + H2O →

2FeNO3 + H2

What is the balance product of Fe + HNO3 →

CO + 4H2

What is the balance product of CH4 + H2O →

Arrhenius acid 

a substance that produces H+ in H2O

Arrhenius base 

a substance that produces OH in H2O 

BL acid

donates H+

BL base

accepts H+

Lewis acid

electron pair acceptors

Lewis base

electron pair donors

bond energy not dipole moment

What is acid strength directly related to?

monoprotic

one proton per acid molecule 

polyprotic

more than one proton per acid molecule

aqua acid

acidic proton originated from coordinated water molecules

no, because the have a filled shell and water will not coordinate

do group 1 and 2 form strong aqua acids?

hydroxo acids

H+ originated from OH groups on the molecule without neighboring OH atoms

oxo acids

acidic proton originated from OH group with an oxo group attached 

decrease pKa (stronger)

what is the electron withdrawing group effect on pKa?

increase pKa (weaker)

what is the electron donating group effect on pKa?

acid strength increases with number of O atoms in central atom

acidity strength rule for O atoms

pKa value increases as successive proton transfers go on (get weaker) 

acidity strength rule for successive H+ transfer

acidic oxide

non-metal oxide which reacts with water to form an acid 

CO2 + H2O → H2CO3

basic oxide

metal oxides which generate hydroxide anion when dissolved in water 

BaO + H2O → Ba2+ + 2OH

Fluorine’s lone pairs overlap with boron’s empty p orbital partially filling it, making boron less electron-poor, and a weaker Lewis acid

What is the double bond character of BF3 for Lewis acidity? 

contact process

the industrial synthesis of concentrated H2SO4 

Displacement Reaction with a strong base 

A-C + :B → A-B + :C 

Displacement Reaction with a strong acid 

C-B + A → A-B + C

metathesis reaction

double displacement

AB + CD → AD + BC

hard acid

highly charged small cations and low electronegative atoms, holds e- tightly

hard base

highly electronegative small anions

soft acids

low charged larger cations and high electronegative atoms 

soft bases 

low electronegative larger anions 

R3P < R3N < R2S < R2O

what is the bond order of hard acids?

R2O < R2S < R3N < R3P

what is the bond order of soft acids?

oxidation

gain of O atoms, loss of H atoms, loss of electrons

GLL

reduction

loss of O atoms, gain of H atoms, gain of electrons

LGG 

+1

what is the oxidation of H with a non-metal? 

-1

what is the oxidation of H with a metal?