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Elaborated Code
The language used by middle-class families, characterized by a wider vocabulary and more complex sentences, not assuming shared experiences.
Restricted Code
The language used by working-class families, characterized by limited vocabulary, short and unfinished sentences, and assumption of shared experiences.
Cognitive Performance
The ability of an individual to perform various mental activities related to learning, problem-solving, and memory.
Socialization
The process by which individuals learn and internalize the values, norms, and behaviors appropriate to their culture.
Feinstein's Findings
Educated parents are more likely to use praise with their children, promoting a sense of competence.
Hubbs-Tait et al (2002) Findings
Parental use of challenging language improves children's cognitive performance.
Bernstein's Argument
Schools and their language codes significantly impact children's academic success and achievement.
Cultural Deprivation
The theory that working-class families lack the means to provide the same cultural experiences as middle-class families, impacting education.
Educational Language Use
The ways in which parents communicate with their children that influence cognitive and academic development.
Bereiter and Engelmann (1966) Claim
Language used in lower-class homes is deficient, often relying on gestures and disjointed phrases.
Note 
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