Sociology - Language

Elaborated Code

The language used by middle-class families, characterized by a wider vocabulary and more complex sentences, not assuming shared experiences.

Restricted Code

The language used by working-class families, characterized by limited vocabulary, short and unfinished sentences, and assumption of shared experiences.

Cognitive Performance

The ability of an individual to perform various mental activities related to learning, problem-solving, and memory.

Socialization

The process by which individuals learn and internalize the values, norms, and behaviors appropriate to their culture.

Feinstein's Findings

Educated parents are more likely to use praise with their children, promoting a sense of competence.

Hubbs-Tait et al (2002) Findings

Parental use of challenging language improves children's cognitive performance.

Bernstein's Argument

Schools and their language codes significantly impact children's academic success and achievement.

Cultural Deprivation

The theory that working-class families lack the means to provide the same cultural experiences as middle-class families, impacting education.

Educational Language Use

The ways in which parents communicate with their children that influence cognitive and academic development.

Bereiter and Engelmann (1966) Claim

Language used in lower-class homes is deficient, often relying on gestures and disjointed phrases.