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The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile in 1469 created a powerful __________ that laid the foundation for Spain's unification.
monarchy
The Spanish Inquisition was established in 1478 primarily to target __________ and ensure Catholic orthodoxy in Spain.
Jews and Muslims
The __________ was a significant battle during the Reconquista that led to the conquest of Granada, the last Muslim stronghold in Spain.
Battle of Granada
The Spanish Empire reached its peak in the 16th century, becoming the first global __________ in history.
empire
The __________ phrase 'the sun never sets on the Spanish Empire' represents its vast territorial extent across the globe.
saying
The Spanish Armada's defeat in 1588 marked a turning point for Spain, leading to a decline in __________ and influence.
naval power
The Bourbon dynasty was established in Spain after the __________ in 1700, leading to significant political changes.
War of Spanish Succession
The Spanish Enlightenment aimed at modernization through __________, including reforms in education and governance.
scientific and philosophical advances
The expedition led by __________ in the early 16th century resulted in the conquest of the Aztec Empire.
Hernán Cortés
Spanish colonial policy was heavily influenced by the network of __________ established to facilitate trade and communication across its territories.
galleons
The expedition led by Hernán Cortés in the early 16th century resulted in the conquest of the Aztec Empire.
Hernán Cortés, a Spanish conquistador, arrived in Mexico in 1519 and formed alliances with various indigenous peoples disillusioned by Aztec rule. Through military strategy, superior weaponry, and tactics such as psychological warfare, Cortés captured the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán in 1521, ultimately leading to the fall of the Aztec Empire under Emperor Moctezuma II.
The Spanish colonial system established by the Crown to manage colonies was known as __________.
encomienda.
The __________ was a significant cultural exchange between the Old World and the New World following Christopher Columbus's arrival in 1492.
Columbian Exchange.
The Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire was __________.
Francisco Pizarro.
The social hierarchy in colonial Spanish America placed __________ at the top, followed by Creoles, Mestizos, and Indigenous peoples.
Peninsulares.
The __________ was a major turning point in European religious wars, involving Spain among other nations in a struggle for power.
Thirty Years' War.
The introduction of __________ to the Americas had a profound impact on agriculture and trade, changing diets worldwide.
crops such as corn and potatoes.
The Spanish established a vast network of __________ to facilitate exploration and colonization in the Americas during the 16th century.
missions.
The primary objective of the __________ was to convert indigenous peoples to Christianity and incorporate them into colonial society.
Spanish missions.
The treaty that marked Spain's recognition of the Protestant religion as a legitimate faith and ended the Thirty Years' War was called __________.
Peace of Westphalia.
The forced labor system imposed on indigenous Americans by Spanish colonizers was known as __________.
repartimiento.
regime of councils
Ferdinand of Aragon
King of Aragon who married Isabella of Castile, unifying Spain and establishing a powerful monarchy.
Isabella of Castile
Queen of Castile who, along with Ferdinand, completed the Reconquista and sponsored Christopher Columbus's 1492 expedition.
Charles I of Spain (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor)
Ruler who oversaw the unification of Spain and the expansion of the Spanish Empire during the early 16th century.
Philip II
King of Spain known for his role in the defeat of the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto and for centralizing the Spanish government.
Carlos II
The last Hapsburg ruler of Spain whose reign marked the decline of Spain's power and influence.
Hernán Cortés
Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that resulted in the conquest of the Aztec Empire.
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire, leading to Spanish dominance in South America.
Philip III
King of Spain during whose reign the Moriscos were expelled, impacting Spain's economy and society.
Charles V (Charles I of Spain)
Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire who dealt with major events such as the Protestant Reformation and the expansion of Spain's territories.
regime of councils
A governance system in Spain characterized by the reliance on councils to administer various aspects of government and colonial affairs, often composed of appointed members who provided oversight and decision-making for regional matters.
What was the Thirty Years' War?
A major European conflict from 1618 to 1648, involving numerous nations and characterized by religious and political struggles, principally between Protestant and Catholic states.
What happened during the expulsion of the Moriscos in 1609?
The expulsion of the Moriscos, Muslim converts to Christianity, was a significant event in the reign of Philip III, resulting in the removal of around 300,000 individuals from Spain, impacting the economy and cultural diversity of the country.
Isabelinas
Term referring to the supporters of Isabel I of Castile, particularly during her conflicts related to the War of Castilian Succession.
War of Castilian Succession
A conflict over the Castilian throne between Isabel I and Juana la Beltraneja, significant in shaping the unification of Spain.
Reconquista
The period of history in the Iberian Peninsula during which Christian kingdoms sought to recapture territory from Muslim rule, culminating in 1492.
Juana la Beltraneja
Claimant to the Castilian throne, her rivalry with Isabel I played a critical role in the War of Castilian Succession.
Catholic Monarchs
The title given to the joint reign of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, marking the unification of Spain and significant reforms.
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