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TCRs
T Cell Receptors that recognize antigens.
BCRs
B Cell Receptors that bind free antigens.
Gene Rearrangement
Process creating TCRs and BCRs in lymphocytes.
Thymus
Location where TCRs are generated.
Bone Marrow
Location where BCRs are generated.
MHC Molecules
Present processed antigens to TCRs.
Cytotoxic T Cells
Respond to antigens presented by MHC I.
Helper T Cells
Respond to antigens presented by MHC II.
Variable Antigen Specificity
Diversity in TCRs and BCRs from gene rearrangements.
Clonal Expansion
TCR genes undergo this after antigen recognition.
Polypeptide Chains
TCRs consist of α and β or γ and δ chains.
Complementarity-Determining Regions
CDRs are involved in antigen binding.
Antigen Binding Site
Formed by hypervariable regions of TCR chains.
CD4 Co-Receptors
Utilized by α:β T cells for antigen recognition.
CD8 Co-Receptors
Utilized by cytotoxic T cells for antigen recognition.
γ:δ T Cells
Less common T cell type with limited diversity.
TCR Complex
Includes TCR, CD3, and ζ-chain proteins.
Antigen Processing
Involves breaking down antigens for MHC presentation.
MHC Class I
Presents intracellular peptides to CD8 T cells.
MHC Class II
Presents extracellular peptides to CD4 T cells.
Peptide Length MHC I
Binds 8-10 amino acid peptides.
Peptide Length MHC II
Binds 13-25 amino acid peptides.
MHC Polymorphism
Affects T cell recognition and response.
Extracellular Pathogen Processing
Involves phagocytosis and MHC II presentation.
Intracellular Pathogen Processing
Involves proteasomes and MHC I presentation.
Degenerate Binding
MHC molecules bind various peptide sequences.
Proteasomes
Degrade proteins for antigen processing.
TAP
Transports peptides into ER for MHC I.
Chaperones
Assist in MHC I folding and peptide loading.
Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome
Deficiency in MHC Class I or II.
Invariant Chain
Prevents premature peptide binding to MHC II.
Cross-Presentation
Dendritic cells present extracellular antigens via MHC I.
MHC Gene Diversity
Highly polymorphic, no rearrangement occurs.
B-cell Maturation
Occurs in bone marrow, activation in lymphoid tissues.
Primary Lymphoid Tissues
Include bone marrow and thymus.
Secondary Lymphoid Tissues
Include spleen and lymph nodes.
Heavy Chain Rearrangement
First step in B-cell development.
Surrogate Light Chain
Tests heavy chain functionality in B cells.
Pre-B-Cell Receptor
Composed of heavy chain and surrogate light chain.
Allelic Exclusion
One allele expressed per B cell.
Immunoglobulin Expression
IgM expressed in immature B cells.
Burkitt's Lymphoma
Chromosomal translocation involving MYC gene.
B-1 Cells
Self-renewing B cells, no somatic hypermutation.
B-2 Cells
Produce memory cells and undergo somatic hypermutation.
Immature B Cells
Express only IgM before maturation.
Negative Selection
Removes self-reactive B cells.
Anergy
Unresponsive state of B cells to self-antigens.
Receptor Editing
Allows B cells to modify receptors.
Germinal Centers
Sites for B cell proliferation and maturation.
Affinity Maturation
Selection of B cells with high antigen affinity.
