BLOOD PRESSURE

Blood Pressure

• force or pressure that the blood exerts on the wall of the vessels

• maintains the essential flow of blood through the body’s organs and ensures adequate venous return

High Blood Pressure

can damage and weaken blood vessel walls, causing rupture with potentially serious consequences (i.e.stroke)

Low Blood Pressure

may cause inadequate blood flow through tissue beds and tissues starved of essential oxygen and nutrients

rest and during sleep

Blood Pressure:

1. It falls at ________________

2. It increases with ______.

3. It is usually higher in __________.

1 = ?

age

Blood Pressure:

1. It falls at ________________

2. It increases with ______.

3. It is usually higher in __________.

2 = ?

women

Blood Pressure:

1. It falls at ________________

2. It increases with ______.

3. It is usually higher in __________.

3 = ?

Systolic blood pressure

• when the left ventricle contracts and pushes blood into the aorta, arterial blood pressure rises sharply

• upper portion of the bp

Diastolic blood pressure

• when the heart resting between beats

• lower portion of the bp

elastic tissue

Relationship between pressure, flow and blood vessel diameter

a. Tunica media of large arteries (aorta) contains much __________ to allow them to expand easily with each heartbeat and to minimize the workload of the heart

b. When the left ventricle ejects blood into the elastic aorta, the vessels ______ to accommodate it, and the recoils elastically.

c. This pushes the blood forward into the arterial system and a wave of distension and recoil occurs throughout the large arteries keeping the ___________________________.

d. The tunica media of the smallest arteries and arterioles are rich in ______________ and contain more less elastic tissue.

e. _____________________ supply this smooth muscle and control the vessel diameter, regulating flow and pressure.

f. _____________________ – ability of an organ to control its own blood

a = ?

expand

Relationship between pressure, flow and blood vessel diameter

a. Tunica media of large arteries (aorta) contains much __________ to allow them to expand easily with each heartbeat and to minimize the workload of the heart

b. When the left ventricle ejects blood into the elastic aorta, the vessels ______ to accommodate it, and the recoils elastically.

c. This pushes the blood forward into the arterial system and a wave of distension and recoil occurs throughout the large arteries keeping the ___________________________.

d. The tunica media of the smallest arteries and arterioles are rich in ______________ and contain more less elastic tissue.

e. _____________________ supply this smooth muscle and control the vessel diameter, regulating flow and pressure.

f. _____________________ – ability of an organ to control its own blood

b = ?

pressure high and blood moving forwards

Relationship between pressure, flow and blood vessel diameter

a. Tunica media of large arteries (aorta) contains much __________ to allow them to expand easily with each heartbeat and to minimize the workload of the heart

b. When the left ventricle ejects blood into the elastic aorta, the vessels ______ to accommodate it, and the recoils elastically.

c. This pushes the blood forward into the arterial system and a wave of distension and recoil occurs throughout the large arteries keeping the ___________________________.

d. The tunica media of the smallest arteries and arterioles are rich in ______________ and contain more less elastic tissue.

e. _____________________ supply this smooth muscle and control the vessel diameter, regulating flow and pressure.

f. _____________________ – ability of an organ to control its own blood

c = ?

smooth muscle

Relationship between pressure, flow and blood vessel diameter

a. Tunica media of large arteries (aorta) contains much __________ to allow them to expand easily with each heartbeat and to minimize the workload of the heart

b. When the left ventricle ejects blood into the elastic aorta, the vessels ______ to accommodate it, and the recoils elastically.

c. This pushes the blood forward into the arterial system and a wave of distension and recoil occurs throughout the large arteries keeping the ___________________________.

d. The tunica media of the smallest arteries and arterioles are rich in ______________ and contain more less elastic tissue.

e. _____________________ supply this smooth muscle and control the vessel diameter, regulating flow and pressure.

f. _____________________ – ability of an organ to control its own blood

d = ?

Autonomic nerve fibers

Relationship between pressure, flow and blood vessel diameter

a. Tunica media of large arteries (aorta) contains much __________ to allow them to expand easily with each heartbeat and to minimize the workload of the heart

b. When the left ventricle ejects blood into the elastic aorta, the vessels ______ to accommodate it, and the recoils elastically.

c. This pushes the blood forward into the arterial system and a wave of distension and recoil occurs throughout the large arteries keeping the ___________________________.

d. The tunica media of the smallest arteries and arterioles are rich in ______________ and contain more less elastic tissue.

e. _____________________ supply this smooth muscle and control the vessel diameter, regulating flow and pressure.

f. _____________________ – ability of an organ to control its own blood

e = ?

Autoregulation

Relationship between pressure, flow and blood vessel diameter

a. Tunica media of large arteries (aorta) contains much __________ to allow them to expand easily with each heartbeat and to minimize the workload of the heart

b. When the left ventricle ejects blood into the elastic aorta, the vessels ______ to accommodate it, and the recoils elastically.

c. This pushes the blood forward into the arterial system and a wave of distension and recoil occurs throughout the large arteries keeping the ___________________________.

d. The tunica media of the smallest arteries and arterioles are rich in ______________ and contain more less elastic tissue.

e. _____________________ supply this smooth muscle and control the vessel diameter, regulating flow and pressure.

f. _____________________ – ability of an organ to control its own blood

f = ?

Diameter of the Tube

3 FACTORS THAT AFFECT BLOOD PRESSURE:

• peripheral resistance

• the narrower the vessel, the greater the resistance

• Indirectly proportional to resistance.

Viscosity of the Liquid

3 FACTORS THAT AFFECT BLOOD PRESSURE:

• thicker blood = more resistance

• Is directly proportional to vascular resistance

• Hematocrit (the volume of red blood cells in the blood) is the primary determinant

Length of the Tube

3 FACTORS THAT AFFECT BLOOD PRESSURE:

• longer blood vessel = greater friction = more resistance

• Directly proportional to the resistance

Total Peripheral Resistance

• systemic vascular resistance

• Describes the resistance to blood flow throughout the entire systemic vasculature (throughout the entire body)

Vascular Resistance

• Resistance within a single organ

Vasoconstriction

high Total Peripheral Resistance

Vasodilation

decrease Total Peripheral Resistance

Blood Pressure

product of cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR)

Cardiac Output

• product of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV)

• amount of blood ejected from each ventricle every minute

Heart Rate

directly proportional to cardiac output

Stroke Volume

the amount expelled by each contraction of each ventricle

Sympathetic nervous system

HEART RATE:

1. _______________________________increases the heart rate

2. _______________________________ decreases heart rate

3. __________ has a natural discharge rate of 100- 120 impulses per minute resting heart rate of 70-80 bpm

4. ____________________________ secreted by the adrenal medulla has the same effect as sympathetic stimulation; it increases heart rate and strength of contraction.

5. _________________________________ – increases heart rate

6. Position = heart rate is usually faster in an ________________

7. Gender = the heart rate is faster in ___________

8. Temperature = __________________ to heart rate

9. ______________________ = maintains the balance between blood pressure and heart rate

1 = ?

Parasympathetic nervous system

HEART RATE:

1. _______________________________increases the heart rate

2. _______________________________ decreases heart rate

3. __________ has a natural discharge rate of 100- 120 impulses per minute resting heart rate of 70-80 bpm

4. ____________________________ secreted by the adrenal medulla has the same effect as sympathetic stimulation; it increases heart rate and strength of contraction.

5. _________________________________ – increases heart rate

6. Position = heart rate is usually faster in an ________________

7. Gender = the heart rate is faster in ___________

8. Temperature = __________________ to heart rate

9. ______________________ = maintains the balance between blood pressure and heart rate

2 = ?

SA node

HEART RATE:

1. _______________________________increases the heart rate

2. _______________________________ decreases heart rate

3. __________ has a natural discharge rate of 100- 120 impulses per minute resting heart rate of 70-80 bpm

4. ____________________________ secreted by the adrenal medulla has the same effect as sympathetic stimulation; it increases heart rate and strength of contraction.

5. _________________________________ – increases heart rate

6. Position = heart rate is usually faster in an ________________

7. Gender = the heart rate is faster in ___________

8. Temperature = __________________ to heart rate

9. ______________________ = maintains the balance between blood pressure and heart rate

3 = ?

Adrenalin (norepinephrine)

HEART RATE:

1. _______________________________increases the heart rate

2. _______________________________ decreases heart rate

3. __________ has a natural discharge rate of 100- 120 impulses per minute resting heart rate of 70-80 bpm

4. ____________________________ secreted by the adrenal medulla has the same effect as sympathetic stimulation; it increases heart rate and strength of contraction.

5. _________________________________ – increases heart rate

6. Position = heart rate is usually faster in an ________________

7. Gender = the heart rate is faster in ___________

8. Temperature = __________________ to heart rate

9. ______________________ = maintains the balance between blood pressure and heart rate

4 = ?

Exercise and level of physical fitness

HEART RATE:

1. _______________________________increases the heart rate

2. _______________________________ decreases heart rate

3. __________ has a natural discharge rate of 100- 120 impulses per minute resting heart rate of 70-80 bpm

4. ____________________________ secreted by the adrenal medulla has the same effect as sympathetic stimulation; it increases heart rate and strength of contraction.

5. _________________________________ – increases heart rate

6. Position = heart rate is usually faster in an ________________

7. Gender = the heart rate is faster in ___________

8. Temperature = __________________ to heart rate

9. ______________________ = maintains the balance between blood pressure and heart rate

5 = ?

upright position

HEART RATE:

1. _______________________________increases the heart rate

2. _______________________________ decreases heart rate

3. __________ has a natural discharge rate of 100- 120 impulses per minute resting heart rate of 70-80 bpm

4. ____________________________ secreted by the adrenal medulla has the same effect as sympathetic stimulation; it increases heart rate and strength of contraction.

5. _________________________________ – increases heart rate

6. Position = heart rate is usually faster in an ________________

7. Gender = the heart rate is faster in ___________

8. Temperature = __________________ to heart rate

9. ______________________ = maintains the balance between blood pressure and heart rate

6 = ?

women

HEART RATE:

1. _______________________________increases the heart rate

2. _______________________________ decreases heart rate

3. __________ has a natural discharge rate of 100- 120 impulses per minute resting heart rate of 70-80 bpm

4. ____________________________ secreted by the adrenal medulla has the same effect as sympathetic stimulation; it increases heart rate and strength of contraction.

5. _________________________________ – increases heart rate

6. Position = heart rate is usually faster in an ________________

7. Gender = the heart rate is faster in ___________

8. Temperature = __________________ to heart rate

9. ______________________ = maintains the balance between blood pressure and heart rate

7 = ?

directly proportional

HEART RATE:

1. _______________________________increases the heart rate

2. _______________________________ decreases heart rate

3. __________ has a natural discharge rate of 100- 120 impulses per minute resting heart rate of 70-80 bpm

4. ____________________________ secreted by the adrenal medulla has the same effect as sympathetic stimulation; it increases heart rate and strength of contraction.

5. _________________________________ – increases heart rate

6. Position = heart rate is usually faster in an ________________

7. Gender = the heart rate is faster in ___________

8. Temperature = __________________ to heart rate

9. ______________________ = maintains the balance between blood pressure and heart rate

8 = ?

Baroreceptor reflex

HEART RATE:

1. _______________________________increases the heart rate

2. _______________________________ decreases heart rate

3. __________ has a natural discharge rate of 100- 120 impulses per minute resting heart rate of 70-80 bpm

4. ____________________________ secreted by the adrenal medulla has the same effect as sympathetic stimulation; it increases heart rate and strength of contraction.

5. _________________________________ – increases heart rate

6. Position = heart rate is usually faster in an ________________

7. Gender = the heart rate is faster in ___________

8. Temperature = __________________ to heart rate

9. ______________________ = maintains the balance between blood pressure and heart rate

9 = ?

Short-term control, on a moment-to-moment

Blood pressure is regulated in two ways:

• Involves mainly the baroreceptor reflex, chemoreceptors and circulating hormones

• Cardiovascular centre (CVC) ia collection of interconnected neurons responsible for the control of cardiac output and blood pressure.

Long-term Control

Blood pressure is regulated in two ways:

• Involves regulation of blood volume by the kidneys and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and antidiuretic hormone

• Slower, longer-lasting changes in the BP follow alteration in circulating blood volume.

Essential Hypertension

• unknown cause

• 95% of all cases

• Multifactorial (obesity, DM, FH, cigarette smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and high intakes of salt or alcohol)

Malignant (accelerated) hypertension

• Rapid and aggressive acceleration of hypertensive disease

• Diastolic pressure in excess of 120 mmHg is common

Secondary Hypertension

• Hypertension resulting from other diseases accounts for 5% of all cases

• Due to pregnancy, kidney diseases, drug treatment e.g oral contraceptives

Kidney Failure

MAIN COMPLICATIONS OF HYPERTENSION:

• Persistent hypertension causes atherosclerotic changes in renal blood vessels, reducing blood flow and impairing renal function

Stroke

MAIN COMPLICATIONS OF HYPERTENSION:

• rupture or blockage of a cerebral artery can cause death or serious and permanent damage depending on size and location of vessel involved

Atherosclerosis

MAIN COMPLICATIONS OF HYPERTENSION:

• hypertension is a main cause

• compromises blood flow to major organs, including the brain, head, and kidneys

Hypertensive retinopathy

MAIN COMPLICATIONS OF HYPERTENSION:

• high blood pressure can permanently damage retinal arterial supply, resulting in loss of vision

Myocardial Infarction

MAIN COMPLICATIONS OF HYPERTENSION:

• hypertension increases workload and O2 requirements of the heart, leading initially to compensatory enlargement and later heart failure

Beta blockers

DRUGS FOR HYPERTENSION:

• helps in reducing the heart rate thus decreasing the blood pressure

Diuretics

DRUGS FOR HYPERTENSION:

• Increases urination which in turn reduces the sodium and fluid content resulting in decreasing blood pressure

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

DRUGS FOR HYPERTENSION:

• Widens the blood vessels thereby aiding in easy blood flow and reduce the blood pressure.

Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)

DRUGS FOR HYPERTENSION:

• Helps relax the blood vessels to lower the pressure

Calcium channel blockers

DRUGS FOR HYPERTENSION:

• Reduces the amount of calcium entering heart muscles thereby reducing the heart rate and controlling blood pressure

Alpha Blockers

DRUGS FOR HYPERTENSION:

• The muscles of arteries and veins are relaxed thus reducing the blood pressure

Renin inhibitors

DRUGS FOR HYPERTENSION:

• Inhibits the enzyme that favors the production of angiotensin (a peptide hormone, which aids in regulation of blood pressure) which constricts blood vessels

Hypotension

• Usually occurs as a complication of other conditions (e.g. shock or Addison’s disease)

• Low blood pressure leads to inadequate blood supply to the brain (fainting)

Postural hypotension

• abrupt fall in blood pressure on standing up suddenly from a sitting or lying position

• causes dizziness and occasionally syncope (fainting)

systolic: less than 120 mmHg

diastolic: less than 80 mmHg

Normal Blood Pressure

systolic: 120 - 129 mmHg

diastolic: less than 80 mmHg

Elevated Blood Pressure

systolic: 130-139 mmHg

diastolic: 80-89 mmHg

Hypertension Stage 1

systolic: 140 mmHg or higher

diastolic: 90 mmHg or higher

Hypertension Stage 2

systolic: higher than 180 mmHg

diastolic: higher than 120 mmHg

Hypertensive Crisis