STATES OF MATTER AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Chemistry

Is a branch of science concerned with the

properties, composition, and structure of

substances that makes up matter and the

changes they undergo when they combine or

react under specified conditions.

Matter

• Is anything that has mass and takes up

  space.

• It is composed of atoms and molecules and exists in various forms.

State of matter

Refers to the group of matter with the same properties.

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Plasma

Bose Einstein Condensates

5 States of Matter

Solid

• Definite shape and volume, rigid structure, particles closely packed in a fixed.

• Not easily compressible

• Little free space between particles

• Does not flow easily

• Rigid - particles cannot move/slide past one another

Ionic Solids

Covalent Solids

Molecular Solids

Metallic Solids

Amorphous Solids

5 Types of Solids

Ionic Solids

These substances have a definite melting point and contain ionic bonds. An example would be sodium chloride (Na).

Covalent Solids

These substance appear as a single giant molecule made up of an almost endless number of covalent bonds. An example would be graphite.

Molecular Solids

Are represented as repeating units made up of molecules. An example would be ice.

Metallic Solids

Are repeating units made up of metal atoms. The valence electrons in metals are able to jump from atom to atom.

Amorphous Solids

• Do not have a definite melting point or regular repeating units.

• Is a solid in which there is no long-range order of the positions of the atoms unlike those in crystalline solids.

• Exist in two distinct states, the 'rubbery' state and the 'glassy' state.

Glass transition temperature.

The temperature at which they transition between the glassy and rubbery states.

Liquid

• Definite volume but no definite shape, takes the shape of the container, particles are close but can move past one another.

• Not easily compressible

• Little free space between particles

• Flows easily

• Particles can move/slide past one another.

Viscosity

Surface tension

Vapor pressure

Boiling point

4 Properties of Liquids

Gas

• Neither definite shape nor volume, fills the container, particles are far apart and move freely.

• Compressible

• Lots of free space between particles.

• Flows easily

• Particles can move past one another.

Plasma

• Known asthe fourth state of matter. They are "hotter" than gas.

• A plasma occurs when the temperature is between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C.

• Examples: flames, lightning, aurora (northern lights), neon lights, and stars, and Sun.

Bose Einstein Condensates

• It is "colder" than a solid. It occurs when atoms have very similar (or the same)quantum levels. Temperatures close to absolute zero (-273 °C).

• It is a state of matter that occurs at extremely low temperatures, near absolute zero.

• These temperatures are too low to occur anywhere on Earth except in laboratory experiments.

Intensive Properties

Extensive Properties

2 Properties of Matter

Extensive Properties

Are properties that do depend on the amount of matter present.

Intensive Properties

Are properties that depend on the kind of matter present.

Mass

Weight

Volume

Length

4 Extensive Properties

Mass

A measurement of the amount of matter in a object (grams).

Weight

A measurement of the gravitational force of attraction of the earth acting on an object.

Volume

A measurement of the amount of space a substance occupies.

Length

Distance between two points.

Physical Change

Chemical Change

2 Changes in Matter

Physical Changes

Are those changes that do not result in the production of a new substance.

Ex: Melting, freezing, condensing, breaking.

Chemical Changes

Are changes that result in the production of another substance.

Ex: Involves change in properties

⟶ Involves energy may either be :

• endothermic

• exothermic